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AP Psych > Chapter 7: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information and behaviors

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2
Q

Associative LEarning

A

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be a stimuli (as in CC) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

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3
Q

Stimulus

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

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4
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A type of learning in which one learns to link 2 or more stimuli in anticipation of events

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5
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

In CC, an unlearned, naturally occurring response, such as salivation,to an unconditioned stimulus (US) such as food in the mouth

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6
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

In CC, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and reflexively- triggers a response (UR)

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7
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

In CC, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

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8
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

In CC, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

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9
Q

Acquisition

A

In Cc, the initial stage, when one links a NS and a US so that the US begins triggering the UR. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

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10
Q

Extinction

A

Diminishing of a CR; occurs in CC when an US does not follow a CS; operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

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11
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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12
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency, after a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned to stimuli to elicit a similar response

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13
Q

Discrimination

A

In CC, the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned response

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14
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcement or diminished if followed by a punisher

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15
Q

Law of Effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by a punisher become less likely

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16
Q

Operant Chamber

A

In OC research, a chamber…containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food/water reinforcer; attached devices record an animal;s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

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17
Q

Shaping

A

An operant conditioning process in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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18
Q

Primary Reinforcer

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (Food, water, heat, etc.)

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19
Q

Continuous Reinforcer

A

A stimulus that gains its power through association with a primary/secondary reinforcer

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20
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition, but much greater resistance to extinction

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21
Q

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

A

In OC, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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22
Q

Variable-Ratio Schedule

A

In OC, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

23
Q

Fixed-Interval Ratio Schedule

A

In OC, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

24
Q

Variable-Interval Ratio Schedule

A

In OC, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

25
Q

Punishment

A

An event that tends to decrease the behavior that it folows

26
Q

Respondent Behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimuli

27
Q

Operant Behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

28
Q

Cognitive Map

A

A mental representation of the lay out of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

29
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

30
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

31
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

32
Q

Modeling

A

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

33
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s actions may enable imitation and empathy

34
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by observing others

35
Q

Rewards

A

Objects or actions that increase a behavior

36
Q

Conditioning

A

A way to alter or determine behavior

37
Q

Biological Predispositions

A

Constraints on abilities or behaviors due to a genetic inability to perform them

38
Q

Taste Aversion

A

An aversion to certain kinds of food due to associating them with a bad experience

39
Q

Reinfocers

A

Things that increase a behavior or ‘reinforce it’

40
Q

Positive Reinforcer

A

A reward that increases behavior

41
Q

Negative Rinforcer

A

Taking something away/a negative reward to increase reward

42
Q

Secondary Reinforcer

A

A reinforcer one must learn to value

43
Q

Conditioned Reinforcer

A

Reinforcer that depends on something else

44
Q

Immediate Rinforcers

A

Reinforcers that reinforce a response immediately after it is done

45
Q

Delayed Reinforcers

A

Reinforcers that do not reward/reinforce right away, but rather later (delayed gratification)

46
Q

Overjustification Effect

A

Learning to do a behavior that was once intrinsically motivated but is now extrinsically motivated

47
Q

Memes

A

Concepts and behaviors spread by viewing and immitating

48
Q

Antisocial

A

Behaviors that are destructive and harmful to society

49
Q

Prosocial

A

Positive, helpful, constructive behaviors

50
Q

Immitation

A

The copying of actions or imitation of them (social situations)

51
Q

Desensitize

A

To not be shocked by something or experience effects intended by it

52
Q

Successive Approximation

A

Rewarding small achievements that will eventually lead to an end desired behavior

53
Q

Pavlovian Learning

A

Another name for Classical Conditioning

AP Psych (17 decks)

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