Chapter 14: Social Psychology Flashcards
Social Psychologists
Study social influences that explain why the same person acts different in a certain siutation
Attribution Theory
Theory that we tend to give a casual explanation for someone’s behavior; external situation or person disposition
Fundamental Attribution Error
Overestimating the influence of personality but underestimating the influence of the situation
Attitudes
Feelings with our beliefs that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events
Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
Agree to a small request will most likely agree to a larger request, and later adjust beliefs to compensate change
Door-in-the-Face
Learning the best, then sees one a little less than the best, gets the lesser (Starts big and goes small, such as with a car)
Peripheral Route Persuasion
Fast results, incidental cues, sharp judgemens
Central Route Persuasion
Evidence and arguments for favorable thought (typically in naturally analytical/involved individuals)
Role and Role Playing
Adopting a social prescription that forms into our new reality- we start phony and then it becomes real
Cognitive Dissonance
We get tension when our attitudes and actions don’t match, so we adjust our attitudes to match our actions, which is easier- Leon Festinger
Stanford Prison Experiment
Philip Zimbardo- guards begin to assume guard roles and prisoners prison roles, becomes too violent
Abu Ghraib Prison Incident
Military in Afghanistan prison camps= guards treat prisoner horribly, get worse and worse, American guards were male, female, and young
Conformity
Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Chameleon Effect
Our tendency to mimic the actions/behaviors of others
Automatic Mimcry
Automatically mimicking someone’s actions without realizing it, increases with empathy, explains mood linkage
Mood linkage
Our moods go up and down with the moods of others around us
Solomon Asch’s Conformity Study
3 lines, which is the longest? 1/3 will conform to what peers say, even if they know it is wrong
Normative Social Influence
Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Informational Social Influence
Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
Stanley Milligram’s Obedience Study
Pain box, Would you give shocks if told by authority figure? How high would you go?
Social Facilitation
Stronger responses on well-learned tasks in front of others (Only if easy and/or mastered, as performance will decrease should the task be difficult or not mastered)
Social Loafing
Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Deindividuation
Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (Anonymous and Aggressive= Dangerous)
Group Polarization
The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group (separation+discussion=polarization)
Group Think
Mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Automatic Prejudice
Prejudices that occur despite other beliefs- implicit racial associations, unconscious patronizing, race influenced perceptions, reflexive bodily responses
Just World Phenomenon
Tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Scapegoat Theory
Theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Other Race Effect
Tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races- also called cross-race effect and the own-race bias
Frustration-aggression Principle
Principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
Social Scripts
Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
Mere Exposure Effect
Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander Effect
Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present- Kitty G’s death/rape
Social Traps
Situation in which the conflicting parties by each rationally pursuing their own self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Passionate Love
Aroused state of positive absorption in another, at the beginning of a relationship
Companionate Love
Deep affectionate attachment we feel when our lives are intertwined with someone else’s
Social Exchange Theory
Social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
GRIT
Graduated Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction: Meant to help people cooperate and make mutually-beneficial decisions
Mirror-Image Perceptions
We see others as evil, they see us the same way, and it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy
Reciprocity Norm
An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Social Responsibility Norm
Expectation that people will help those dependent on them
