Chapter 14: Social Psychology

Question 1

Social Psychologists

Answer 1

Study social influences that explain why the same person acts different in a certain siutation

Question 2

Attribution Theory

Answer 2

Theory that we tend to give a casual explanation for someone’s behavior; external situation or person disposition

Question 3

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 3

Overestimating the influence of personality but underestimating the influence of the situation

Question 4

Attitudes

Answer 4

Feelings with our beliefs that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events

Question 5

Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon

Answer 5

Agree to a small request will most likely agree to a larger request, and later adjust beliefs to compensate change

Question 6

Door-in-the-Face

Answer 6

Learning the best, then sees one a little less than the best, gets the lesser (Starts big and goes small, such as with a car)

Question 7

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Answer 7

Fast results, incidental cues, sharp judgemens

Question 8

Central Route Persuasion

Answer 8

Evidence and arguments for favorable thought (typically in naturally analytical/involved individuals)

Question 9

Role and Role Playing

Answer 9

Adopting a social prescription that forms into our new reality- we start phony and then it becomes real

Question 10

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 10

We get tension when our attitudes and actions don’t match, so we adjust our attitudes to match our actions, which is easier- Leon Festinger

Question 11

Stanford Prison Experiment

Answer 11

Philip Zimbardo- guards begin to assume guard roles and prisoners prison roles, becomes too violent

Question 12

Abu Ghraib Prison Incident

Answer 12

Military in Afghanistan prison camps= guards treat prisoner horribly, get worse and worse, American guards were male, female, and young

Question 13

Conformity

Answer 13

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Question 14

Chameleon Effect

Answer 14

Our tendency to mimic the actions/behaviors of others

Question 15

Automatic Mimcry

Answer 15

Automatically mimicking someone’s actions without realizing it, increases with empathy, explains mood linkage

Question 16

Mood linkage

Answer 16

Our moods go up and down with the moods of others around us

Question 17

Solomon Asch’s Conformity Study

Answer 17

3 lines, which is the longest? 1/3 will conform to what peers say, even if they know it is wrong

Question 18

Normative Social Influence

Answer 18

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Question 19

Informational Social Influence

Answer 19

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

Question 20

Stanley Milligram’s Obedience Study

Answer 20

Pain box, Would you give shocks if told by authority figure? How high would you go?

Question 21

Social Facilitation

Answer 21

Stronger responses on well-learned tasks in front of others (Only if easy and/or mastered, as performance will decrease should the task be difficult or not mastered)

Question 22

Social Loafing

Answer 22

Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Question 23

Deindividuation

Answer 23

Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (Anonymous and Aggressive= Dangerous)

Question 24

Group Polarization

Answer 24

The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group (separation+discussion=polarization)

Question 25

Group Think

Answer 25

Mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Question 26

Automatic Prejudice

Answer 26

Prejudices that occur despite other beliefs- implicit racial associations, unconscious patronizing, race influenced perceptions, reflexive bodily responses

Question 27

Just World Phenomenon

Answer 27

Tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Question 28

Scapegoat Theory

Answer 28

Theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Question 29

Other Race Effect

Answer 29

Tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races- also called cross-race effect and the own-race bias

Question 30

Frustration-aggression Principle

Answer 30

Principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression

Question 31

Social Scripts

Answer 31

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Question 32

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 32

Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Question 33

Altruism

Answer 33

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Question 34

Bystander Effect

Answer 34

Tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present- Kitty G’s death/rape

Question 35

Social Traps

Answer 35

Situation in which the conflicting parties by each rationally pursuing their own self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Question 36

Passionate Love

Answer 36

Aroused state of positive absorption in another, at the beginning of a relationship

Question 37

Companionate Love

Answer 37

Deep affectionate attachment we feel when our lives are intertwined with someone else’s

Question 38

Social Exchange Theory

Answer 38

Social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Question 39

GRIT

Answer 39

Graduated Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction: Meant to help people cooperate and make mutually-beneficial decisions

Question 40

Mirror-Image Perceptions

Answer 40

We see others as evil, they see us the same way, and it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 41

Reciprocity Norm

Answer 41

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Question 42

Social Responsibility Norm

Answer 42

Expectation that people will help those dependent on them