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Medical Terminology > Chapter 9- Structure and Function of the Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Structure and Function of the Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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2
Q

adren/o, adrenal/o

A

adrenal glands

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3
Q

gluc/o

A

glucose

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4
Q

gylc/o

A

glycogen

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5
Q

gonad/o

A

sex glands

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6
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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7
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid

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8
Q

thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

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9
Q

the _____ is part of the nervous system that serves as an endocrine gland because it analyzes the body’s condition and directs the release of hormones that regulate pituitary hormones.

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

The hormones released by the hypothalamus have either _____ (allowing the secretion of other hormones to take place) or an _____ (preventing the secretion of other hormones). The hypothalamus regulates the body’s temperature, blood pressure, heartbeat, metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, and sugar levels in the blood.

A

releasing factor; inhibiting factor

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11
Q

the _____ is located superior and posterior to the pituitary gland.

A

pineal gland

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12
Q

the pineal gland releases _____, a hormone that is believed to affect sleep and the functioning of the gonads.

A

melatonin

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13
Q

The _____ ______ consists of a left lobe and a right lobe. the lobes sit on either side of the trachea.

A

thyroid gland

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14
Q

the two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the _____, a narrow strip of tissue on the ventral surface of the trachea.

A

isthmus

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15
Q

a large piece of the thyroid cartilage that covers the larynx and produces the protrusion on the neck known as the _____ _____.

A

Adam’s apple

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16
Q

thyroid secretions control _____(the chemical changes in cells that provide energy for vital processes and activities aand through which new material is assimilated and blood calcium concentrations.

A

metabolism

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17
Q

two of the hormones secreted, _____ or tetraiodothyronine (_____), and _____ (_____), are produced in the thyroid gland using iodine from blood that circulates through the gland.

A

thyroxine; T4: triiodothyronine; T3

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18
Q

_____ is secreted from the outside surface of the thyroid cells. It is a hormone that helps lower blood calcium concentration.

A

calcitonin

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19
Q

the _____ _____ are four oval-shaped glands located on the dorsal side of the thyroid. helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels, two elements necessary to maintain homeostasis.

A

parathyroid glands

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20
Q

the _____ ______ is considered an endocrine gland because it secretes a hormone and is ductless; however, it is also part of the immune system.

A

thymus gland

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21
Q

the _____ _____ (or _____ _____) are a pair of glands. each of the glands sits on top of the kidney.

A

adrenal glands; suprarenal glands

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22
Q

each gland consists of two parts: the _____ _____(the outer portion) and the _____ _____(the inner portion).

A

adrenal cortex; adrenal medulla

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23
Q

the adrenal glands regulate _____(essential mineral salts that conduct electricity and are composed by it) in the body.

A

electrolytes

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24
Q

the mineral salts affect metabolism and blood pressure. The adrenal glands are also _____, imitative of the sympathetic nervous system, as in response to stress.

A

sympathomimetic

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25
Q

the adrenal medulla secretes a class of hormones, _____ (epinephrine and norepinephrine), in response to stress.

A

catecholamines

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26
Q

the _____ helps in maintaining a proper level of blood glucose.

A

pancreas

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27
Q

within the pancreas, the _____ _____ _____, specialized hormone-producing cells, secrete _____ to lower blood sugar when blood sugar levels are high and _____ to raise blood sugar levels when they are low.

A

islets of langerhans; insulin; glucagon

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28
Q

insulin is produced by _____ _____ in the islets of Langerhans, and glucagon is produced by _____ _____ in the islets.

A

beta cells; alpha cells

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29
Q

_____ is stored for later use in the liver and muscle.

A

glycogen

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30
Q

the _____ are in the female pelvic region, one at the top of the each fallopian tube. Produces immature egg cells which when fertilized become fetuses.

A

ovaries

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31
Q

the ovaries also produce the female sex hormones _____ and _____.

A

estrogen; progesterone

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32
Q

the two ______ (or _____) are located in the scrotum, a sac on the outside of the male body. produce spermatozoa which fertilizes ova.

A

testes; testicles

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33
Q

the testes also produce male sex hormones call _____. the major androgen is _____.

A

androgens; testosterone

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34
Q

_____itis is inflammation fo the pancreas.

A

pancreat-

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35
Q

conversion of glycogen to glucose is _____lysis.

A

glyco-

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36
Q

_____pathy is glandular or lymph node disease.

A

adeno-

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37
Q

_____tropin is a hormone that aids in growth of gonads.

A

gonado-

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38
Q

production of glucose is _____genesis.

A

gluco-

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39
Q

enlargement of the adrenal glands is _____megaly.

A

adreno-

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40
Q

_____toxic is having excessive amounts of thyroid hormones.

A

thyro-

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41
Q

_____ectomy is excision of the parathyroid glands.

A

parathyroid-

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42
Q

A _____ _____ _____ test and a ______ _____ _____ are both taken after a 12-hour fast. Blood sugar test is repeated every 3 to 5 hours after glucose ingestion.

A

fasting blood sugar; glucose tolerance test

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43
Q

patients can check ______ ______ or ______ _____ levels themselves to track fluctuations in blood sugar.

A

blood sugar; blood glucose

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44
Q

a _____ _____ _____ (after eating) is a test for blood sugar usually taken about 2 hours after a meal.

A

postprandial blood sugar

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45
Q

a _____ _____ is a test for ketones and /or sugar in urine, both of which may indicate diabetes.

A

urine sugar

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46
Q

for people already diagnosed with diabetes, a _____ _____ test or A1C tracks average blood sugar readings over the pervious 2 to 3 months.

A

glycated hemoglobin

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47
Q

endocrine functions can be tested in the plasma by using a ____ _____, a test that uses radioactive iodine to locate various substances in the plasma.

A

radioactive immunoassay (RIA)

48
Q

thyroid functioning can be tested using a _____ ______ ______ or _____, which is a blood test that measures the various hormones secreted by the thyroid.

A

thyroid function test or study

49
Q

a _____ _____ _____ test is a measure of how quickly the thyroid glands ingested iodine.

A

radioactive iodine uptake

50
Q

a _____ _____ is a test for cancer or other abnormalities using radionuclide imaging.

A

thyroid scan

51
Q

most endocrine illnesses are the result of ______ (oversecretion) or _____ (undersecretion) of one or more hormones.

A

hypersecretion; hyposecretion

52
Q

hypersecretion is treated with ______ or by ______.

A

medication or surgery

53
Q

hypersecretion can by caused by ______ stimulating hormone; a bacterial, viral, or other illness in an endocrine gland or a tumor.

A

excessive

54
Q

hyposecretion can be due to _____ stimulating hormone or atrophy of a gland.

A

suppressed

55
Q

hyposecretion is usually treated with _____ _____.

A

hormone supplements

56
Q

pituitary abnormalities include ______ (hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty), which causes abnormal enlargement of features after childhood.

A

acromegaly

57
Q

hypersecretion of a growth hormone from the pituitary gland may result in _____, which causes abnormal growth, even to more than 8 feet tall.

A

gigantism

58
Q

______ with disproportionate features is usually caused by the congenital absence of the thyroid gland or by another genetic defect.

A

dwarfism

59
Q

hyposecretion of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone causes ______ ______, a disease with ______ (excessive amount of water excreted in the urine) and ______ (excessive and constant thirst).

A

diabetes insipidus; polyuria; polydipsia

60
Q

hypersecerestion of antidiuretic hormones causes _____ of ______ ______ (SIADH), which results in excessive water retention.

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH

61
Q

the thyroid gland may become overactive, causing _____, also known as ______ _____.

A

hyperthyroidism; graves disease

62
Q

symptoms of graves are consistent with increased _____ and _____, which cause increased metabolic rate, weight loss, insomnia, and sweating.

A

T3 and T4

63
Q

a _____ also can be caused by hypersecretion from the thyroid gland, a tumor, or lack of iodine in the diet, causing the gland to expand and create a massive growth in the neck.

A

goiter

64
Q

_____, bulging of the eyes, is a complication that can occur in some instances of Graves disease.

A

thyrotoxicosis

65
Q

_____, underactivity of the thyroid gland causes sluggishness and slow metabolism, often resulting in obesity.

A

hypothyroidism

66
Q

_____ is a specific type of hypothyroidism in adults with a range of symptoms, including puffiness in the extremities, slow muscular response, and excessively dry skin.

A

myxedema

67
Q

the _____ _____ help control blood calcium levels, which contribute to bone growth and muscular health.

A

parathyroid glands

68
Q

______ (overactivity of the parathyroid glands) is usually caused by a. tumor in the parathyroid gland. symptoms include bone loss to severe cases of kidney failure.

A

hyperparathyroidism

69
Q

_____ (underactivity of the parathyroid glands) results in low blood calcium levels, causing many symptoms such as bone loss and some muscle paralysis (_____). medications and supplements that increase calcium absorption are available treatments that may be prescribed.

A

hypoparathyroidism; tetany

70
Q

the adrenal glands may be overactive (_____) or underactive (_____).

A

hyperadrenalism; hypoadrenalism

71
Q

hyperadrenalism is usually caused by an _____ _____. And cured by ______.

A

adrenal tumor; removal

72
Q

______ ______ results in symptoms of excessive androgens in both men and women, which, in turm can result in ______, abnormal hair growth.

A

adrenogenital syndrome; hirsutism

73
Q

_____ is also a condition with excessive androgen secretion.

A

virilism

74
Q

virilism results in mature masculine features in ______. administration of steroids can keep the overactivity in balance.

A

children

75
Q

_____ ______ results from an oversecretion of ACTH.

A

cushing syndrome

76
Q

hypoadrenalism also is known as _____ ______. it may result in anemia, abnormal skin pigment, and general malaise. It can be controlled with cortisone.

A

addison disease

77
Q

sometimes, the pancreas may become inflamed, as in ______.

A

pancreatitis

78
Q

hyperinsulinism is the hypersecretion of insulin and may cause _____, a lowering of blood sugar levels that deprives the body of needed glucose.

A

hypoglycemia

79
Q

hypoglycemia can be controlled with _____ _____.

A

dietary changes

80
Q

hyposecretion of insulin can cause _____ _____, a widespread disease that affects about 4% of the U.S. population.

A

diabetes mellitus

81
Q

diabetes occurs either as _____ _____diabetes or as ______ _____ diabetes.

A

type 1; type 2

82
Q

type _____ diabetes usually occurs in childhood and is the result of underproduction fo insulin by the beta cells

A

1

83
Q

glucose accumulates and overflows into the urine (_____, ______).

A

glucosuria; glycosuria

84
Q

type 1 diabetes can be treated with controlled doses of ______.

A

insulin

85
Q

type ______ diabetes used to occur only in adulthood bot now also occurs in younger people and even teens and children

A

2

86
Q

type 2 diabetes usually occurs in ______ people whose responsiveness to insulin is abnormally _____. This response is called _____ _____.

A

overweight; low; insulin resistance

87
Q

both types of diabetes can lead to ______ ______, a condition where an overdosage of insulin causes symptoms such as tremors, tachycardia, hunger, dizziness, and cool moist skin.

A

insulin shock

88
Q

if left untreated, insulin shock can lead to _____ _____.

A

diabetic coma

89
Q

______ _____ is a kidney disease resulting from serious diabetes.

A

diabetic nephropathy

90
Q

_____ ______ is los of sensation in the extremities.

A

diabetic neuropathy

91
Q

_____ ______ is gradual visual loss leading to blindness.

A

diabetic retinopathy

92
Q

the body uses stored fat to replace glucose, thereby causing _____, _____, and ______, all of which are marked by the abnormal presence of ketone bodies in the blood and urine.

A

acidosis; ketoacidosis; ketosis

93
Q

An _____ is the removal of any gland.

A

adenectomy

94
Q

An ______ is the removal of an adrenal gland.

A

adrenalectomy

95
Q

removal of the pituitary gland is _____.

A

hypophysectomy

96
Q

the pancreas is removed in a ______.

A

pancreatectomy

97
Q

removal of the parathyroid gland is performed in a _____ and removal of the thymus gland is performed in a _____.

A

parathyroidectomy; thymectomy

98
Q

A _____ is the removal of the thyroid.

A

thyroidectomy

99
Q

hormonal deficiencies are sometimes treated with _____ _____ ______ (HRT).

A

hormone replacement therapy

100
Q

An _____ raises blood sugar.

A

antihyperglycemic

101
Q

an _____ or ______ lowers blood sugar.

A

antihyperglycemic; hypoglycemic

102
Q

_____ _____ _____(somatotropin) occurs naturally in the body.

A

human growth hormone

103
Q

______ are used to control symptoms and treat many diseases occuring within and outside the endocrine system. Can be abused for muscle growth.

A

steroids

104
Q

a thyroid tumor also may be treated with _____ ______ ______ to eradicate the tumor.

A

radioactive iodine therapy

105
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

106
Q

DM

A

diabetes mellitus

107
Q

HG

A

growth hormone

108
Q

GTT

A

glucose tolerance test

109
Q

HRT

A

hormone replacement therapy

110
Q

IDDM

A

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

111
Q

RIA

A

radioactive immunoassay

112
Q

SIADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

113
Q

T3, T4

A

triiodothyronine

114
Q

T4

A

thyroxine

115
Q
A

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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