Chapter 9- Structure and Function of the Endocrine System Flashcards
aden/o
gland
adren/o, adrenal/o
adrenal glands
gluc/o
glucose
gylc/o
glycogen
gonad/o
sex glands
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
the _____ is part of the nervous system that serves as an endocrine gland because it analyzes the body’s condition and directs the release of hormones that regulate pituitary hormones.
hypothalamus
The hormones released by the hypothalamus have either _____ (allowing the secretion of other hormones to take place) or an _____ (preventing the secretion of other hormones). The hypothalamus regulates the body’s temperature, blood pressure, heartbeat, metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, and sugar levels in the blood.
releasing factor; inhibiting factor
the _____ is located superior and posterior to the pituitary gland.
pineal gland
the pineal gland releases _____, a hormone that is believed to affect sleep and the functioning of the gonads.
melatonin
The _____ ______ consists of a left lobe and a right lobe. the lobes sit on either side of the trachea.
thyroid gland
the two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the _____, a narrow strip of tissue on the ventral surface of the trachea.
isthmus
a large piece of the thyroid cartilage that covers the larynx and produces the protrusion on the neck known as the _____ _____.
Adam’s apple
thyroid secretions control _____(the chemical changes in cells that provide energy for vital processes and activities aand through which new material is assimilated and blood calcium concentrations.
metabolism
two of the hormones secreted, _____ or tetraiodothyronine (_____), and _____ (_____), are produced in the thyroid gland using iodine from blood that circulates through the gland.
thyroxine; T4: triiodothyronine; T3
_____ is secreted from the outside surface of the thyroid cells. It is a hormone that helps lower blood calcium concentration.
calcitonin
the _____ _____ are four oval-shaped glands located on the dorsal side of the thyroid. helps regulate calcium and phosphate levels, two elements necessary to maintain homeostasis.
parathyroid glands
the _____ ______ is considered an endocrine gland because it secretes a hormone and is ductless; however, it is also part of the immune system.
thymus gland
the _____ _____ (or _____ _____) are a pair of glands. each of the glands sits on top of the kidney.
adrenal glands; suprarenal glands
each gland consists of two parts: the _____ _____(the outer portion) and the _____ _____(the inner portion).
adrenal cortex; adrenal medulla
the adrenal glands regulate _____(essential mineral salts that conduct electricity and are composed by it) in the body.
electrolytes
the mineral salts affect metabolism and blood pressure. The adrenal glands are also _____, imitative of the sympathetic nervous system, as in response to stress.
sympathomimetic
the adrenal medulla secretes a class of hormones, _____ (epinephrine and norepinephrine), in response to stress.
catecholamines
the _____ helps in maintaining a proper level of blood glucose.
pancreas
within the pancreas, the _____ _____ _____, specialized hormone-producing cells, secrete _____ to lower blood sugar when blood sugar levels are high and _____ to raise blood sugar levels when they are low.
islets of langerhans; insulin; glucagon
insulin is produced by _____ _____ in the islets of Langerhans, and glucagon is produced by _____ _____ in the islets.
beta cells; alpha cells
_____ is stored for later use in the liver and muscle.
glycogen
the _____ are in the female pelvic region, one at the top of the each fallopian tube. Produces immature egg cells which when fertilized become fetuses.
ovaries
the ovaries also produce the female sex hormones _____ and _____.
estrogen; progesterone
the two ______ (or _____) are located in the scrotum, a sac on the outside of the male body. produce spermatozoa which fertilizes ova.
testes; testicles
the testes also produce male sex hormones call _____. the major androgen is _____.
androgens; testosterone
_____itis is inflammation fo the pancreas.
pancreat-
conversion of glycogen to glucose is _____lysis.
glyco-
_____pathy is glandular or lymph node disease.
adeno-
_____tropin is a hormone that aids in growth of gonads.
gonado-
production of glucose is _____genesis.
gluco-
enlargement of the adrenal glands is _____megaly.
adreno-
_____toxic is having excessive amounts of thyroid hormones.
thyro-
_____ectomy is excision of the parathyroid glands.
parathyroid-
A _____ _____ _____ test and a ______ _____ _____ are both taken after a 12-hour fast. Blood sugar test is repeated every 3 to 5 hours after glucose ingestion.
fasting blood sugar; glucose tolerance test
patients can check ______ ______ or ______ _____ levels themselves to track fluctuations in blood sugar.
blood sugar; blood glucose
a _____ _____ _____ (after eating) is a test for blood sugar usually taken about 2 hours after a meal.
postprandial blood sugar
a _____ _____ is a test for ketones and /or sugar in urine, both of which may indicate diabetes.
urine sugar
for people already diagnosed with diabetes, a _____ _____ test or A1C tracks average blood sugar readings over the pervious 2 to 3 months.
glycated hemoglobin
endocrine functions can be tested in the plasma by using a ____ _____, a test that uses radioactive iodine to locate various substances in the plasma.
radioactive immunoassay (RIA)
thyroid functioning can be tested using a _____ ______ ______ or _____, which is a blood test that measures the various hormones secreted by the thyroid.
thyroid function test or study
a _____ _____ _____ test is a measure of how quickly the thyroid glands ingested iodine.
radioactive iodine uptake
a _____ _____ is a test for cancer or other abnormalities using radionuclide imaging.
thyroid scan
most endocrine illnesses are the result of ______ (oversecretion) or _____ (undersecretion) of one or more hormones.
hypersecretion; hyposecretion
hypersecretion is treated with ______ or by ______.
medication or surgery
hypersecretion can by caused by ______ stimulating hormone; a bacterial, viral, or other illness in an endocrine gland or a tumor.
excessive
hyposecretion can be due to _____ stimulating hormone or atrophy of a gland.
suppressed
hyposecretion is usually treated with _____ _____.
hormone supplements
pituitary abnormalities include ______ (hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty), which causes abnormal enlargement of features after childhood.
acromegaly
hypersecretion of a growth hormone from the pituitary gland may result in _____, which causes abnormal growth, even to more than 8 feet tall.
gigantism
______ with disproportionate features is usually caused by the congenital absence of the thyroid gland or by another genetic defect.
dwarfism
hyposecretion of vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone causes ______ ______, a disease with ______ (excessive amount of water excreted in the urine) and ______ (excessive and constant thirst).
diabetes insipidus; polyuria; polydipsia
hypersecerestion of antidiuretic hormones causes _____ of ______ ______ (SIADH), which results in excessive water retention.
syndrome of inappropriate ADH
the thyroid gland may become overactive, causing _____, also known as ______ _____.
hyperthyroidism; graves disease
symptoms of graves are consistent with increased _____ and _____, which cause increased metabolic rate, weight loss, insomnia, and sweating.
T3 and T4
a _____ also can be caused by hypersecretion from the thyroid gland, a tumor, or lack of iodine in the diet, causing the gland to expand and create a massive growth in the neck.
goiter
_____, bulging of the eyes, is a complication that can occur in some instances of Graves disease.
thyrotoxicosis
_____, underactivity of the thyroid gland causes sluggishness and slow metabolism, often resulting in obesity.
hypothyroidism
_____ is a specific type of hypothyroidism in adults with a range of symptoms, including puffiness in the extremities, slow muscular response, and excessively dry skin.
myxedema
the _____ _____ help control blood calcium levels, which contribute to bone growth and muscular health.
parathyroid glands
______ (overactivity of the parathyroid glands) is usually caused by a. tumor in the parathyroid gland. symptoms include bone loss to severe cases of kidney failure.
hyperparathyroidism
_____ (underactivity of the parathyroid glands) results in low blood calcium levels, causing many symptoms such as bone loss and some muscle paralysis (_____). medications and supplements that increase calcium absorption are available treatments that may be prescribed.
hypoparathyroidism; tetany
the adrenal glands may be overactive (_____) or underactive (_____).
hyperadrenalism; hypoadrenalism
hyperadrenalism is usually caused by an _____ _____. And cured by ______.
adrenal tumor; removal
______ ______ results in symptoms of excessive androgens in both men and women, which, in turm can result in ______, abnormal hair growth.
adrenogenital syndrome; hirsutism
_____ is also a condition with excessive androgen secretion.
virilism
virilism results in mature masculine features in ______. administration of steroids can keep the overactivity in balance.
children
_____ ______ results from an oversecretion of ACTH.
cushing syndrome
hypoadrenalism also is known as _____ ______. it may result in anemia, abnormal skin pigment, and general malaise. It can be controlled with cortisone.
addison disease
sometimes, the pancreas may become inflamed, as in ______.
pancreatitis
hyperinsulinism is the hypersecretion of insulin and may cause _____, a lowering of blood sugar levels that deprives the body of needed glucose.
hypoglycemia
hypoglycemia can be controlled with _____ _____.
dietary changes
hyposecretion of insulin can cause _____ _____, a widespread disease that affects about 4% of the U.S. population.
diabetes mellitus
diabetes occurs either as _____ _____diabetes or as ______ _____ diabetes.
type 1; type 2
type _____ diabetes usually occurs in childhood and is the result of underproduction fo insulin by the beta cells
1
glucose accumulates and overflows into the urine (_____, ______).
glucosuria; glycosuria
type 1 diabetes can be treated with controlled doses of ______.
insulin
type ______ diabetes used to occur only in adulthood bot now also occurs in younger people and even teens and children
2
type 2 diabetes usually occurs in ______ people whose responsiveness to insulin is abnormally _____. This response is called _____ _____.
overweight; low; insulin resistance
both types of diabetes can lead to ______ ______, a condition where an overdosage of insulin causes symptoms such as tremors, tachycardia, hunger, dizziness, and cool moist skin.
insulin shock
if left untreated, insulin shock can lead to _____ _____.
diabetic coma
______ _____ is a kidney disease resulting from serious diabetes.
diabetic nephropathy
_____ ______ is los of sensation in the extremities.
diabetic neuropathy
_____ ______ is gradual visual loss leading to blindness.
diabetic retinopathy
the body uses stored fat to replace glucose, thereby causing _____, _____, and ______, all of which are marked by the abnormal presence of ketone bodies in the blood and urine.
acidosis; ketoacidosis; ketosis
An _____ is the removal of any gland.
adenectomy
An ______ is the removal of an adrenal gland.
adrenalectomy
removal of the pituitary gland is _____.
hypophysectomy
the pancreas is removed in a ______.
pancreatectomy
removal of the parathyroid gland is performed in a _____ and removal of the thymus gland is performed in a _____.
parathyroidectomy; thymectomy
A _____ is the removal of the thyroid.
thyroidectomy
hormonal deficiencies are sometimes treated with _____ _____ ______ (HRT).
hormone replacement therapy
An _____ raises blood sugar.
antihyperglycemic
an _____ or ______ lowers blood sugar.
antihyperglycemic; hypoglycemic
_____ _____ _____(somatotropin) occurs naturally in the body.
human growth hormone
______ are used to control symptoms and treat many diseases occuring within and outside the endocrine system. Can be abused for muscle growth.
steroids
a thyroid tumor also may be treated with _____ ______ ______ to eradicate the tumor.
radioactive iodine therapy
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
DM
diabetes mellitus
HG
growth hormone
GTT
glucose tolerance test
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
IDDM
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
RIA
radioactive immunoassay
SIADH
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
T3, T4
triiodothyronine
T4
thyroxine
