Chapter 5- Skin and Body Flashcards
adip/o
fatty
cutan/o
skin
dermat/o, derm/o
skin
hidr/o
sweat
ichthy/o
fish, scaly
kerat/o
horny tissue
lip/o
fatty
melan/o
black, very dark
myc/o
fungus
onych/o
nail
pil/o
hair
seb/o
sebum, sebaceous glands
steat/o
fat
trich/o
hair
xanth/o
yellow
xer/o
dry
The skin or _____ is the largest body organ. The average adult has about 21.5 sq ft of skin. It varies in thickness depending on what part of the body it covers and what its function is in covering that part.
integument
The skin has three main parts or layers: the _____, the _____, and the _____ or ______.
epidermis; dermis; subcutaneous layer; hypodermis
the epidermis, the _____ layer of skin, ranges from 1/200 to 1/20 of an inch thick and consists of several _____.
outer strata
the epidermis is made up of cells called _____, a flat, scaly layer of cells. The layers that make up the squamous epithelium are called ______.
squamous epithelium; stratified squamous epithelium
Not all parts of the body’s skin contain all the sublayers of epidermis. The top sublayer is called the _____. Its consists of a flat layer of dead cells arranged in parallel rows. As new cells are produced, the dead cells are sloughed off.
stratum corneum
As they die, the cells in the stratum corneum fill with _____, a waterproof barrier that keeps microorganisms out and moisture in. The keratin of the epidermis is softer than the hard keratin in nails.
keratin
The bottom layer of the epidermis is called the _____. Here new cells are produced and pushed up to the stratum corneum. THe epidermis itself is a nonvascular layer of skin, meaning that it does not contain blood vessels.
stratum germinativum
Specialized cells called ______ produce a pigment called _____, which helps to determine skin and hair color. Melanin is essential in screening out ultraviolet rays of the sun that can harm the body’s cells.
melanocytes; melanin
The dermis contains CT that holds many capillaries, lymph cells, nerve endings, sebaceous and sweat glands, and hair follicles. The se nourish the epidermis and serve as sensitive touch receptors. The CT is composed primarily of _____ fibers that form a strong, elastic network. Collagen is a protein substance that is very tough, yet flexible. When the collagen fibers stretch, they form_____ or stretch marks.
collagen; striae
The subcutaneous layer is the layer between the dermis and the body’s inner organs. It consists of _____ (or fatty) tissue and some layers of fibrous tissue. Within the subcutaneous layers lie blood vessels and nerves. The layer of fatty tissue serves to protect the inner organs and to maintain the body’s temperature.
adipose
hair has two parts. The _____ protrudes from the skin and the _____ lies beneath the surface of the skin. The shaft is composed of outer layers of scaly cells filled with inner layers of soft and hard keratin
hair shaft; hair root
hair grows upward from the root through the _____ (tubular sacs that hold the hair fibers). The shape of the follicle determines the shape of the hair (straight, curly, wavy).
hair follicle
hair color is determined by the presence of melanin, which is produced by the ______ in the epidermis. Gray hair occurs when melanocytes stop producing melanin.
melanocytes
hair growth, thickness, and curliness are generally determined by heredity. In addition to heredity, baldness or ______ may result from disease, injury, or medical treatment (such as chemotherapy).
alopecia
a general term for removal of hair by the roots is _____ or ______. Such removal may be the result of some kind of injury or it may be done voluntarily to remove unwanted hair.
epilation; depilation
_____ are plates made of hard keratin that cover the dorsal surface of the distal bone of the fingers and toes. Nails serve as protective covering, help us grasp objects and allow us to scratch
nails
healthy nails appear pinkish because the translucent nail covers vascular tissue. At the base of most nails, a _____, or whitish half moon, is an area where keratin and other cells have mixed with air
lunula
nails are surrounded by a narrow band of epidermis called a _____, except at the top. The top portion grow s above the level of the finger.
cuticle
The _____ (also called sudoriferous glands) are found almost everywhere on the body surface. Glands that secrete out war toward the surface of the body through ducts are called ______. The excretion of sweat is called ______. Secretions exit the body through _____, or tiny openings in the skin surface. Sweat (also called perspiration) is composed of water, sodium chloride, and other compounds depending on many factors, such as external temperature, fluid intake, level of activity, and hormonal levels.
sweat glands; exocrine glands; diaphoresis; pores
_____, or small sweat glands, are found on many places of the body. They excrete a colorless fluid that keeps the body at a constant temperature.
eccrine gland
_____ are specialized glands in the surface of the ear that secrete cerumen, a waxy substance that lubricates and protects the ear.
ceruminous glands
_____, located in the dermis, secrete an oily substance called ______, which is found at the base of hair follicles. This substance serves to lubricate and protect the skin, Sebum forms a skin Barrier again bacteria and fungi and also softens the surface of the skin.
sebaceous glands
excessive accumulation of body fat is ______osis.
adi-
_____itis is inflammation of the skin.
dermat-
surgical procedure to remove acne scars and marks using an abrasive product to remove part of the skin is ______abrasion.
derm-
production and excretion of sweat is _____osis.
hidr-
______osis is congenital skin disorder characterized by dryness and peeling.
ichthy-
_____osis is a skin lesion covered by a horney layer of tissue.
herat-
removal of unwanted fat by suctioning through tubes placed under the skin is _____suction.
lipo-
_____oma is a malignancy arising from cells that form melanin.
melan-
any condition caused by fungus is ______osis.
myc-
_____tomy is an incision into a nail.
onycho-
relating to a skin cyst with hair is _____cystic.
pilo
______rrhea is excessive sebum caused by overactivity of the sebaceous glands.
sebo-
inflammation of fatty tissue is ______itis.
steat-
_____pathy is a disease of the hair.
tricho-
A yellow growth or discoloration of the skin is _____oma.
xanth-
excessive dryness of the skin is _____derma
xero-
The field of _____ studies, dignoses, and treats ailments of skin. The firsst diagnostic test is usually visual observation of the surface of the skin.
dermatology
once a visual assessment has been made, the dermatologist determines which procedures and tests will find the underlying cause of skin problem. samples of _____ or pus may be sent to a laboratory for examination. The laboratory can determine what types of bacteria are present. A scraping also may be taken and placed on a growth medium to be examined for the presence of fungi
exudate
The _____ calls for placing a suspected antigen on a piece of gauze and applying it to the skin for a designated timeframe. If a reaction results, the test is considered positive.
patch test
the _____ involves screating a suspected antigen onto the skin. Redness or swelling within ten minutes indicates a positive reaction.
scratch test
with an _____ test, a suspected antigen is injected between layers of skin. Infectious diseases also amy be detected by this type of test. Some common intradermal tests include the following.
a. the ______ or _____ is used as a screening test for tuberculosis.
b. the _____, a screening test for tuberculosis (TB), inject the tuberculin using a tine (an instrument with a number of pointed ends.
Mantoux test; purified protein derivative test; TB tine
the skin is a place where abnormalities occur and where some internal diseases show dermatological symptoms. _____ are areas of tissues that are altered because of a pathological condition. Primary lesions appear on previously normal skin. Secondary lesions are abnormalities that result from changes in primary lesions. _____ are blood vessel lesions that show through the skin.
lesions; vascular lesions
some collon primary lesions are flat areas of discoloration such as a _____ (freckle or flat mole) or _____. Elevated, solid masses include _____, a small elevated mass, also called a pimple; _____, a small patch on the skin; _____, a large pimple or a small node; on a slender stalk (_____); _____, any swelling or, specifically, any abnormal tissue growth; and _____, a smooth, slightly elevated area, usually associated with allergic itching.
macule; patch; pastule; module; plaque; polyp; pediculated polyp; sessile polyp; tumor; wheal
A _____ is a large blister, a _____ is a small elevated mass containing pus, and a _____ is a small mass containing fluid; all are elevated skin pockets filled with fluid. A _____ may be solid or filled with fluid or gas. A _____ contains hairs and a ______ contains yellow sebum.
bulla (bullae); pustule; vesicle; cyst; pilonidal cyst; sebaceous cyst
Secondary lesions usually involve either loss of skin surface or material that forms on the skin surface. Lesions that involve loss of skin surface are an _____, a shallow area of the skin worn away by friction or pressure; an _____, a scratched area of the skin, usually covered with dried blood; a _____, a deep furrow or crack in the skin surface; and an _____, a wound with loss of tissue and often with inflammation, especially ______ or ______, which are chronic ulcers on skin over bony parts that are under constant pressure, as when someone is be ridden or wheelchair-bound. Pressure ulcers are staged according to depth of tissue injury.
erosion; excoriation; fissure; ulcer; decubitus; pressure ulcers scale
Lesions that form surface material are _____, thin plates of epithelium formed on the skin’s surface; _____, dried blood or pus that forms on the skin’s surface; and _____, a firm, raised mass of scar tissue.
crust keloid
symptoms of disease can appear on the skin. For example, common viral rashes include _____, measles with an accompanying rash; _____, disease with a rash caused by the rubella virus (also known as german measles); _____, disease with small rosy patches on the skin, usually caused by a virus; and _____, disease with a rash known as chicken pox, caused by the varicella virus. Chickenpox does not usually cause harm (other than possibly scarring) in young children.
rubeola; rubella; roseola; varicella
Infectious agents, such as staphylococci, may cause _____, which is a _____, or pus-containing, contagious skin disease. At times, staphylococcus infections can become deadly, as is the case with flesh-eating bacteria, a fatal type of staph infection.
impetigo; pyoderma
Fungi may cause _____ or _____, a skin condition that causes intense ______, or itching. ______ is a yeast fungus that causes common rashes such as diaper rash. Other common fungi are tinea pedis, or athlete’s foot; tinea capitis, scalp ringworm; and tinea barbae, ringworm of the beard.
tinea; ringworm; pruritus; candidiasis
Skin conditions, particularly skin irritations or _____, can reflect systemic allergies or diseases. _____ or _____ may arise from many causes, such as a food allergy; itching or pruritus also can be the result of allergies. _____ is an acute form of dermatitis often caused by allergies.
dermatitis; urticaria; hives; eczema
_____ is a bluish-purple skin mark that may result from a skin injury that can cause blood to leak out of blood vessels. _____ are tiny, pinpoint ecchymoses. _____ is a condition with extensive hemorrhages into the skin covering a wide area. It starts out with red areas, which turn purplish, and then brown, in a couple of weeks. _____ is a vascular disorder that appears as red blotches on the skin, particularly around the nose and cheeks.
ecchymosis (ecchymoses); petechiae (petechia); purpura; rosacea
Some diseases, infections or inflammations cause skin conditions, such as a ______, a localized pus-producing infection originating in a hair follicle; a ______, a pus-producing infection that starts in subcutaneous tissue and is usually accompanied by pus and inflammation; and _____, necrosis (death) of tissue due to loss of blood supply.
furuncle; carbuncle; abscess; gangrene
some viruses cause skin problems. In some cases, these viruses are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (such as some types of _____ and genital warts). (Sexually transmitted infections are discussed with the reproductive systems)
herpes
_____, _____, and _____ are all viral diseases caused by herpes viruses. herpes 1, also called a ______ or _____, usually appears around the mouth. Herpes 2, also known as _____, affecrs the genital area, Herpes zoster, or _____, is an inflammation that affects the nerves on one side of the body and results in skin blisters. It can be extremely painful. A virus also may cause a ______ or _____. A _____ appears on the soles of the feet.
herpes simplex virus type 1; herpes simplex virus type 2 herpes zoster; cold sore; fever blister; genital herpes; shingles; wart; verruca (verrucae); plantar wart
_____ is inflammation of the dermis and subcutaneous portion of the skin.
cellulitis
Other skin conditions include _____ (also called _____), a skin condition with eruptions on the face and upper bac. Acne usually starts around puberty and often is caused by over production of sebum. It usually includes sveral types of skin eruptions, such as _____ or _____, _____, pustules and nodules.
acne; acne vulgaris; comedo (comedos, comedone); blackheads; white heads
_____ is a chronic disease with abnormal thickening of the skin caused by the formation of new collagen _____, a recurrent skin condition with scaly lesions on the trunk, arms, hands, legs, and scalp, is often associated with stress. _____, a condition with excessive production of sebum, is a result of overactivity of the sebaceous glands, Seborrheic dermatitis (also called dandruff), scaly eruptions on the face and scalp, is due to the overproduction of seborrhea.
scleroderma; psoriasis; seborrhea
Exposure of the skin to heat, chemicals, electricity, radiation or other irritants may cause a _____. Burns are classified by the amount or level of skin involvement and body surface area (BSA).
burn
_____ are superficial burns of the epidermis without blistering but with redness and swelling. Sunburn is an example of a first-degree burn. There is mild to moderate pain and the skin is intact but is often swollen and reddened, and it radiates heat. Cold compresses will relieve the pain and reduce the swelling. Continual sunburns may be a cause of later skin cancer.
first-dgree bruns
Some skin conditions are cause by insects. _____ is an inflammation with lice, often on the head (pediculosis capitis) or the genital area (pediculosis pubis). _____ a contagious skin eruption that often occurs between fingers, on other areas of the trunk, or on the male genitalia is caused by mites.
pediculosis; scabies
_____ affect the epidermis and dermis and involve blistering. The wound is sensitive to touch and very painful.
second-degree burns
_____ involve complete destruction of the skin, sometimes reaching into the muscle and bone and causing extensive scarring.
third-degree burns
Inflammation of the nail can be caused by infection, irritation or fungi. _____ or _____ is a nail inflammation. _____ is an inflammation in the nail fold, the flap of skin overlapping the edges of the nail. Both of these inflammations often occur spontaneously in debilitated people, They also may result from a slight trauma. A general term for disease of the nails is _____.
onychia; onychitis; paronychia; onychopathy
some abnormal growths or _____ are benign. The most common benign neoplasms are a _____, a hard, thickened area of skin; a _____, hardening or thickening of skin on a toe; and _____, overgrowth of horny tissue on skin.
neoplasms; callus; corn; keratosis
Some neoplasms are malignant. For example, _____ is cancer of the basal layer of the epidermis; _____ affects the squamous epithelium. _____ is often associated with AIDS. The incidence of _____ is rapidly increasing. This incidence of ______ is rapidly increasing. This increase is thought to be due to the depletion of the Earth’s ozone layer, which protects the skin from harmful UV rays.
basal cell carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; kaposi sarcoma; malignant melanoma
in most instances, hair loss is hereditary or due to a side effect of medication. However, hair loss can be a pathological condition, as in _____, a condition in which hair fall out in patches.
alopecia areata
skin surgery includes the repair of various conditions. Sutures, stitches, or staples hold skin together while healing takes place. Various types of _____ may involve reconstructing areas of the skin, as after severe burns or radiation. Other types of skin surgery result in the removal of a part of a growth to test for the presence of cancer, Growths also are removed to keep a cancer from spreading.
plastic surgery
plastic surgery is a general term for a variety of surgeries to correct defects resulting from injuries or birth defecrs or to enkance someone’s idea of how he or she should look. surgical correction of disfiuguring physical defecrs is also known as cosmesis. Plastic surgery may involve the use of a ______. An _____ uses skin from one’s own body. An _____ or _____ uses donor skin from another person. A _____ or _____ uses donor skin from one species to another. A dermatome is an implement used to remove layers of skin for grafts.
skin graft; auto graft; allograft; homograft; heterograft; xenograft
plastic surgery also may use various methods to remove unwanted growths or scrape tissue or discolorations. _____ involves the removal of tissue by applying cold liquid nitrogen. _____ involves the use of brushes and emery papers to remove wrinkles, scars, and tattoos. _____ and _____ are the removal of dead tissue from a wound by scraping.
cryosurgery; dermabrasion; debridement; curettage
some surgical procedures of the skin involves the use of electricity or lasers to stop bleeding, remove tissue, or excise tissues for examination. Wounds may be ______, or burned, to coagulate an area that is bleeding. ______ is the use of electric sparks to destroy tissue.
cauterized; fulguration
A _____ is a cutting of tissue for microscopic examination. A needle biopsy is removal of tissue by aspirating it through a needle. A punch biopsy is the use of a cylindrical instrument to remove a small piece of tissue. A shave biopsy is the removal of a layer of skin using a surgical blade. _____ is the removal of thin layers of malignant growth until a nonmalignant area is reached.
biopsy; Mohs’ surgery
Cancer of the skin is sometimes successfully treated by _____ and/or _____. Chemotherapy uses chemicals to treat the malignant cells systemically. radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to bombard malignant cells to destroy them.
chemotherapy; radiation therapy
the sun is beneficial in healing certain skin problems. Some lesions are treated with ______, which imitates some of the sun’s rays. On the other hand, sunlight also mat be the cause of many skin problems, such as certain carcinomas.
Ultraviolet light
_____ are medications used to control allergic skin reactions. They do so by blocking the effects of histamines, chemicals present in tissues that heighten allergic reactions. Other skin conditions are controlled by different medications. For example, ______ kill or slow the growth of microorganisms _____ perform the same function. _____ kill or slow the growth of bacteria. ______ kill or slow growth of fungal infections.
antihistamines; antibiotics; antiseptics; antibacterials; antifungals
_____ agents, particularly _____, reduce inflammation whereas _____ control itching. Some skin conditions are painful because of nerve conduction near the skin surface. An ______ and, especially in the case of surface pain, a ______ can relieve some of the pain associated with such conditions.
anti-inflammatory corticosteroids; antipruritics; anesthetic; topical anesthetic
Some skin conditions result in either oversecretion of oils or extreme dryness. _____ are agents that soothe or soften skin by mostening it or adding oils to it. _____ temporarily lessen the formation of oily material on the surface of the skin. These types of agents are often present in over-the-counter products. Other vitamin-based products to control skin aging (often containing vitamins A and C) also are often available over the counter. _____ remove warts and corns from the skin surface. _____ are fruit acids added to cosmetics to improve the skin’s appearance.
emollients; astringents; keratolytics; alpha hydroxy acids
BSA
body surface area
bx, BX, Bx
biopsy
Derm
dermatology
HSV
herpes simplex virus
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus/disease
I and D
incision and drainage
ID
infectious disease
oint
ointment
PPD
purified protein derivative– used in skin test for tuberculosis
staph
staphylococcus
STI
sexually transmitted infections
strep
streptococcus
TB
tuberculosis
