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Medical Terminology > Chapter 17: Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

the female reproductive system is a group of organs and glands that produce _____ (singular _____), or egg cells (female sex cells)

A

ova; ovum

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2
Q
A
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3
Q

the _____ (also known as the female _____) are two small, solid, oval structures in the pelvic cavity that produce _____ and secrete female hormones.

A

ovaries; gonads; ova

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4
Q

the the monthly cycle of egg production, one ovary usually releases only one mature ovum. In most women, the ovaries alternate this release, called _____, each month.

A

ovulation

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5
Q

within the ovaries are sex cells, also known as _____.

A

gametes

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6
Q

before released from an ovary, the cells develop in a part of the ovary called the _____ _____.

A

graafian follicle

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7
Q

these sex cells have the potential to become fertilized and develop. In their immature stage, they are called _____

A

oocytes

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8
Q

once mature (normally 5-7 days), they are known as ova. The ovum is then released from the graafian follicle to the _____ _____ or ____ ____, the tube that leads from each ovary to the uterus.

A

uterine tube; fallopian tube

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9
Q

the _____ is the female reproductive organ in which a fertilized ovum implants and develops.

A

uterus

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10
Q

when the ovum is not fertilized, the lining of the uterus is released during the monthly cycle, known as _____.

A

menstruation

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11
Q

at the end of its development, the infant is born through the ______, or birth canal (the canal leading from the uterus to the vulva), in a routine delivery.

A

vagina

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12
Q

sometimes the infant is delivered surgically through the abdomen in a _____ _____.

A

caesarean delivery.

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13
Q

the female breast, the ____ ____, is also part of the female reproductive system as an accessory organ, providing milk to nurse the infant (lactation) after birth

A

mammary gland

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14
Q

female reproduction is controled by hormones, such as _____ and _____

A

estrogen; progesterone

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15
Q

at birth, most females have A LOT of immature ova (oocytes) in each ovary. Many of these disintegrate before the female reaches _____, the stage at which ovulation and _____ (first menstrual flow or _____) occurs (usually between 10 or 14 years of age).

A

puberty; menarche; menses

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16
Q

_____ is the cyclical release of the uterine lining usually occurring every 29 days.

A

menstruation

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17
Q

most women menstruate monthly (except during pregnancy) for about 30 to 40 years. ______ signals the end of the ovulation.menstruation cycle and therefore, the end of the childbearing years.

A

menopause

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18
Q

after release, the ovum next enters one of the two uterine, or fallopian, tubes, which have fingerlike end calle _____ that sweep the ovum further down int the tube, where it may be fertilized by a sperm.

A

fimbriae

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19
Q

once inside the uterus, a fertilized ovum attaches to the uterine wall, where it will be nourished for about 40 weeks of development (_____).

A

gestation

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20
Q

the upper portion of the uterus, the _____, is where a nutrient-rich organ (the _____) grows in the uterine wall.

A

fundus; placenta

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21
Q

the middle portion of the uterus is called the _____.

A

body

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22
Q

the body of the uterus leads to a narrow region, the _____.

A

isthmus

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23
Q

the neck, or lower region, of the uterus is the _____, a protective body with glands that secrete mucous substances into the vagina.

A

cervix

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24
Q

the opening of the cervical canal into the vagina is called the _____ _____.

A

cervical os

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25
Q

the vagina has small transverse folds called _____ than can expand to accomodate an erect penis during intercourse or the passage of a baby during childbirth.

A

rugae

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26
Q

a fold of mucous membranes, the _____, partially covers the external opening (_____) of the vagina.

A

hymen; introitus

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27
Q

the uterus is made up of three layers of tissue: the _____, the outer protective layer of membranous tissue.

A

perimetrium

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28
Q

the _____, the middle layer of the uterus tissue layers. Which is really three layers of smooth muscle that move in strong downward motions

A

myometrium

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29
Q

and the _____, the inner mucous membrane of the uterus. Deep and velvety, has an abundant supply of blood vessels and glands, and is built up and broken down during the ovulation/menstruation cycle.

A

endometrium

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30
Q

the external genitalia, collectively known as the _____, consist of a mound of soft tissue the _____ _____, which is covered by pubic hair after puberty.

A

vulva; mons pubis

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31
Q

two folds of skin below the mons pubis, the ____ ____, form the borders of the vulva.

A

labia majora

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32
Q

between the labia majora lie two smaller skin folds, the ____ ____, which merge at the top to form the ____, the primary female organ of sexual stimulation.

A

labia minora; clitoris

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33
Q

the ____ ____ are embedded in the vaginal tissue near the vaginal os. The duct from those glands is located between the labia minora. The glands produce a lubricating fluid that bathes the vagina and surrounding vulva.

A

Bartholin’s glands

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34
Q

the space between the bottom of the labia majora and the anus is called the _____.

A

perineum

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35
Q

during pregnancy, hormones stimulate the _____ (milk-producing ducts and _____ that transport milk to the _____ (or mammary papilla).

A

lactiferous; sinuses; nipple

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36
Q

the dark-pigmented area surrounding the nipple is called the _____.

A

areola

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37
Q

after birth (_____), the mammary glands experience a let-down reflex, which allows milk to flow through the nipples (lactation) when the infant suckles.

A

parturition

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38
Q

amni/o

A

amnion

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39
Q

cervic/o

A

cervix

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40
Q

colp/o

A

vagina

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41
Q

episi/o

A

vulva

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42
Q

galact/o

A

milk

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43
Q

gynec/o

A

female

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44
Q

hyster/o

A

uterus

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45
Q

lact/o, lacti

A

milk

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46
Q

mamm/o

A

breast

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47
Q

mast/o

A

breast

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48
Q

men/o

A

menstruation

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49
Q

metr/o

A

uterus

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50
Q

oo

A

egg

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51
Q

oophor/o

A

ovary

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52
Q

ov/i, ov/o

A

egg

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53
Q

ovari/o

A

ovary

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54
Q

stimulates development of female sex characteristics and uterine wall thickening; source is ovarian follicle and corpus luteum

A

estrogen

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55
Q

hormone that stimulates uterine wall thickening and formation of mammary ducts; source is the corpus luteum

A

progesterone

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56
Q

hormone that promotes lactation; source is the pituitary gland

A

prolactin

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57
Q

hormone that stimulates labor and lactation; source pituitary gland

A

oxytocin

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58
Q

hormone that stimulates oocyte maturation; increasing estrogen; source is the pituitary gland

A

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

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59
Q

hormone that stimulates estrogen and progesterone from corpus luteum; source is placenta and embryo

A

HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

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60
Q

day 1-5. _____ takes place during the first 5 days. The _____ lining sloughs off and is released, causing generally slow bleeding through the vagina.

A

menstruation; endometrial

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61
Q

day 6-12. The _____ is released from the anterior pituitary.

A

FSH

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62
Q

days 13-14. ovulation takes place, or the egg’s release from the follicle and the beginning of its trip down the fallopian tube. This release is stimulated by the pituitary’s release of _____, which promotes the fimbriae to swell and wave to entice the newly released ovum toward the fallopian tube.

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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63
Q

meanwhile the follicle fills with a yellow substance that secretes estrogen and progesterone. This secreting structure is known as the _____. encourages uterus to prepare for pregnancy.

A

corpus luteum

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64
Q

prevention of fertilization is accomplished with _____.

A

contraception

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65
Q

contraceptive devices include the ____ ____, _____ (both male and female), _____, _____, or _____

A

contraception; intrauterine device (IUD), condom; spermicide; diaphragm; sponge

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66
Q

_____ occurs after child-bearing years, when the reproductive hormones begin to decline, usually between the ages of 45 and 55. These changes can cause irregular menses, before periods stop altogether.

A

menopause

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67
Q

common symptoms of menopause

A

irregular periods, decreased fertility, hot flashes, sleep disturbances, night sweats, mood swings, increased abdominal fat, thinning hair, vaginal dryness, loss of breast fullness

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68
Q

the result of contact between the sperm and an ovum

A

pregnancy

69
Q

pregnancy is usually through sexual intercourse (_____ or _____), fertilization may occur.

A

coitus; copulation

70
Q

a pregnant woman is known as a _____, with gravida I being the first pregnancy, gravida II being the second, and so on.

A

gravida

71
Q

an _____ _____ connects the placenta to the navel of the fetus so that the mother’s blood and the fetal blood do not mix, but nutrients and waste products are exchanged.

A

umbilical cord

72
Q

the _____, the outermost membrane covering the fetus, and the _____, the innermost membrane next to the fluid surrounding the fetus (_____).

A

chorion; amnion; amniotic fluid

73
Q

the placenta separates from the uterus after delivery and is expelled from the body as the _____.

A

afterbirth

74
Q

at the end of the process where the mother is separated from the child, the woman is known as a _____ (one who has maintained a pregnancy to the point of viability). para I, Para II, and so on

A

Para

75
Q

disease of the uterus is _____pathy.

A

metro-

76
Q

surgical incision into the perineum to prevent tearing during childbirth is an _____tomy.

A

episio-

77
Q

inflammation of the breast is _____itis.

A

mast-

78
Q

vaginal hemorrhage is _____rrhagia.

A

colpo-

79
Q

inflammation of the vulva is _____itis.

A

vulv-

80
Q

_____plasty is surgical repair of a fallopian tube.

A

saplingo-

81
Q

test of amniotic fluid by insertion of a needle into the amnion is _____centesis.

A

amnio-

82
Q

_____plasty is surgical repair of the uterus.

A

utero-

83
Q

_____itis is inflammation of an ovary.

A

oophor-

84
Q

_____poiesis relates to milk production.

A

galacto-

85
Q

_____ectomy is surgical removal of the uterus.

A

hyster-

86
Q

hernia of an ovary is _____cele.

A

ovario-

87
Q

_____genesis is production of eggs.

A

oo-

88
Q

medical specialty that diagnoses and treats disorders of the female reproductive system is ____logy.

A

gyneco-

89
Q

_____itis is inflammation of the cervix.

A

cervic-

90
Q

menstrual discharge is _____rrhea.

A

meno-

91
Q

a physician that only treats pregnant women is called a _____.

A

obstetrician

92
Q

______, a physician who diagnoses and treats disorders of the female reproductive system.

A

gynecologists

93
Q

a routine gynecological exam usually includes a _____, a gathering of cells from the cervix to detect cervical or vaginal cancer or other anomalies.

A

papanicolaou (Pap) smear

94
Q

the cervix and vagina also may be examined by _____, use of a lighted instrument (a colposcope) for viewing into the vagina

A

colposcopy

95
Q

_____ is the use of hysteroscope, a lighted instrument for examination of the interior of the uterus.

A

hysteroscopy

96
Q

_____ is the use of an endoscope to examine the contents of the pelvic cavity.

A

culdoscopy

97
Q

_____ is a procedure that produces radiograms of the breasts.

A

mammography

98
Q

if the hormone _____, is present there is a high possibility of pregnancy.

A

HCG

99
Q

several tests for fertility problems include _____, a procedure to x-ray the uterus and uterine tubes after a contrast medium is injected.

A

hysterosalpingography

100
Q

_____ _____, imaging of the pelvic region using sound waves (used both for detection of tumors and for examination of the fetus.

A

pelvic ultrasonography

101
Q

_____ _____, is a sound wave image of the pelvic area but done with a probe inserted into the vagina.

A

transvaginal ultrasound

102
Q

during pregnancy, the dimensions of the pelvis are measured during _____, the taking of a measurement to see if the pelvis is large enough to allow delivery.

A

pelvimetry

103
Q

to puncture the amniotic sac to obtain a sample of the fluid for examination (_____).

A

amniocentesis

104
Q

in ____, a sample of fluid from the base of the pelvic cavity may show if an ectopic pregnancy has ruptured

A

culdocentesis

105
Q

_____ (freezing) and ______ (burning) are two methods of destroying tissue (such as polyps), using cold temperatures in the former and burning in the latter

A

cryosurgery; cauterization

106
Q

a _____ is the removal of fibroid tumors.

A

myomectomy

107
Q

an ______ is the removal of an ovary.

A

oophorectomy

108
Q

an _____ _____ is the removal of an ovary.

A

ovarian cystectomy

109
Q

a _____ is the removal of a fallopian tube.

A

salpingectomy

110
Q

a _____ is an incision into the fallopian tubes (usually to remove blockages).

A

salpingotomy

111
Q

a _____ is the removal of the tumor itself along with surrounding tissue.

A

lumpectomy

112
Q

during a _____, a breast is removed, which may mean the breast and underlying muscle as in a simple mastectomy.

A

mastectomy

113
Q

breast surgery may include plastic surgery after mastectomy (_____) or reduction of the size of the breast (reduction mammoplasty).

A

mammoplasty

114
Q

some women have pendulous breat tissue raised ( ______) or have small breasts augmented by surgical insertion of implants (augmentation mammoplasty)

A

mastopexy

115
Q

spermicides destroy sperm in the vagina; _____, patches, and _____ control the flow of hormones to block ovulation

A

birth control pills; implants

116
Q

_____ prevent implantation of an ovum.

A

morning-after pills

117
Q

_____ is used during and after natural or surgical menopause to alleviate symptoms, such as hot flashes.

A

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

118
Q

______, another hormone, is used to induce labor.

A

oxytocin

119
Q

a _____ agent stops labor contractions

A

tocolytic

120
Q

cervix

A

Cx

121
Q

dilation and curettage

A

D & C

122
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone

A

FSH

123
Q

gynecology, gynecologist

A

GYN

124
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin

A

HCG

125
Q

hormone replacement therapy

A

HRT

126
Q

intrauterine device

A

IUD

127
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

LH

128
Q

last menstrual period

A

LMP

129
Q

papanicolaou test/smear

A

Pap

130
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

PID

131
Q

premenstrual syndrome

A

PMS

132
Q

sexually transmitted infection

A

STI

133
Q

total abdominal hysterectomy

A

TAH

134
Q

toxic shock syndrome

A

TSS

135
Q

some pregnancies are not in thenselves normal and spontaneously end in _____. A controversial term in public discourse, in medicine is simply means the premature end of a pregnancy, whether spontaneously during a _____ or surgically.

A

abortion; miscarriage

136
Q

the placenta may break away from the uterine wall (_____ _____) and require immediate delivery of the infant.

A

abruptio placentae

137
Q

_____ _____ is a condition in which the placenta blocks the birth canal, and usually requires a caesarean delivery.

A

placenta previa

138
Q

birth of a dead fetus

A

stillbirth

139
Q

a baby born before 37 weeks of gestation

A

premature birth

140
Q

a toxic condition during pregnancy is called _____.

A

preeclampsia

141
Q

menstrual abnormalities sometimes occur. _____, the absence of menstruation, may result from a normal condition (pregnancy or menopause) or an abnormal condition (excessive dieting or extremely strenuous exercise).

A

amenorrhea

142
Q

_____ is painful cramping associated with menstruation.

A

dysmenorrhea

143
Q

_____ is excessive menstrual bleeding

A

menorrhagia

144
Q

_____ is a scanty menstrual period.

A

oligomenorrhea

145
Q

_____ is irregular and often excessive bleeding during or between menstrual periods.

A

menometrorrhagia

146
Q

_____ is uterine bleeding between menstrual periods.

A

metrorrhagia

147
Q

_____ is a painful sexual intercourse, usually due to some condition, such as dryness, inflammation, or other disorder in the female reproductive system.

A

dyspareunia

148
Q

abnormal positioning of the uterus includes _____, a bending forward.

A

anteflexion

149
Q

_____ is a bending backward of the uterus so that it is angle.

A

retroflexion

150
Q

_____ is a backward turn of the uterus (sometimes called a tipped uterus) so that it faces toward the back.

A

retroversion

151
Q

various inflammations and infections occur in the female reproductive system. _____ is an inflammation of the cervix.

A

cervicitis

152
Q

_____ is a general term for inflammation of the breast, particularly during lactation.

A

mastitis

153
Q

_____ is an inflammation of the fallopian tubes.

A

salpingitis

154
Q

_____ is an inflammation of the vagina.

A

vaginitis

155
Q

___ ___ ___ is a rare, severe infection that occurs in menstruating women and is usually associated with tampon use

A

toxic shock syndrome

156
Q

____ ___ ___ (PID) is a bacterial infection anywhere in the female reproductive system.

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

157
Q

a ____ ____ is a condition where the uterine muscles cause the cervix to protrude into the vaginal opening.

A

prolapsed uterus

158
Q

perineal muscles can be strengthened using ____ ____, alternately contracting and releasing the perineal muscles.

A

kegel exercise

159
Q

a _____ is a growth on the outside of the genitalia that may be a result of an infection by the human papilloma virus (HPV).

A

condyloma

160
Q

An ____ ____ develops on or in the ovaries.

A

ovarian cyst

161
Q

_____ are common benign tumors found in the uterus.

A

fibroids

162
Q

_____ is an abnormal condition in which uterine lining tissue (endometrium) is found in the pelvis or the abdominal wall.

A

endometriosis

163
Q

Some common sexually transmitted infections include ______, an infectious disease treatable with antibiotics

A

syphilis

164
Q

_____, a contagious infection of the genital mucous membrane

A

gonorrhea

165
Q

_____ ___, a contagious and recurring infection with lesions on the genitalia

A

herpes II

166
Q

____ ____ ____ (HPV) a contagious infection that causes genital warts

A

human papillomavirus

167
Q

_____, a microorganism that causes several transmitted diseases; and HIV (which leads to AIDS). HPV is sometimes associated with cervical cancer.

A

chlamydia

168
Q

_____, an infection often in the vaginal tract, also may be transmitted through sexual contact.

A

trichomoniasis

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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