Chapter 17: Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System Flashcards
the female reproductive system is a group of organs and glands that produce _____ (singular _____), or egg cells (female sex cells)
ova; ovum
the _____ (also known as the female _____) are two small, solid, oval structures in the pelvic cavity that produce _____ and secrete female hormones.
ovaries; gonads; ova
the the monthly cycle of egg production, one ovary usually releases only one mature ovum. In most women, the ovaries alternate this release, called _____, each month.
ovulation
within the ovaries are sex cells, also known as _____.
gametes
before released from an ovary, the cells develop in a part of the ovary called the _____ _____.
graafian follicle
these sex cells have the potential to become fertilized and develop. In their immature stage, they are called _____
oocytes
once mature (normally 5-7 days), they are known as ova. The ovum is then released from the graafian follicle to the _____ _____ or ____ ____, the tube that leads from each ovary to the uterus.
uterine tube; fallopian tube
the _____ is the female reproductive organ in which a fertilized ovum implants and develops.
uterus
when the ovum is not fertilized, the lining of the uterus is released during the monthly cycle, known as _____.
menstruation
at the end of its development, the infant is born through the ______, or birth canal (the canal leading from the uterus to the vulva), in a routine delivery.
vagina
sometimes the infant is delivered surgically through the abdomen in a _____ _____.
caesarean delivery.
the female breast, the ____ ____, is also part of the female reproductive system as an accessory organ, providing milk to nurse the infant (lactation) after birth
mammary gland
female reproduction is controled by hormones, such as _____ and _____
estrogen; progesterone
at birth, most females have A LOT of immature ova (oocytes) in each ovary. Many of these disintegrate before the female reaches _____, the stage at which ovulation and _____ (first menstrual flow or _____) occurs (usually between 10 or 14 years of age).
puberty; menarche; menses
_____ is the cyclical release of the uterine lining usually occurring every 29 days.
menstruation
most women menstruate monthly (except during pregnancy) for about 30 to 40 years. ______ signals the end of the ovulation.menstruation cycle and therefore, the end of the childbearing years.
menopause
after release, the ovum next enters one of the two uterine, or fallopian, tubes, which have fingerlike end calle _____ that sweep the ovum further down int the tube, where it may be fertilized by a sperm.
fimbriae
once inside the uterus, a fertilized ovum attaches to the uterine wall, where it will be nourished for about 40 weeks of development (_____).
gestation
the upper portion of the uterus, the _____, is where a nutrient-rich organ (the _____) grows in the uterine wall.
fundus; placenta
the middle portion of the uterus is called the _____.
body
the body of the uterus leads to a narrow region, the _____.
isthmus
the neck, or lower region, of the uterus is the _____, a protective body with glands that secrete mucous substances into the vagina.
cervix
the opening of the cervical canal into the vagina is called the _____ _____.
cervical os
the vagina has small transverse folds called _____ than can expand to accomodate an erect penis during intercourse or the passage of a baby during childbirth.
rugae
a fold of mucous membranes, the _____, partially covers the external opening (_____) of the vagina.
hymen; introitus
the uterus is made up of three layers of tissue: the _____, the outer protective layer of membranous tissue.
perimetrium
the _____, the middle layer of the uterus tissue layers. Which is really three layers of smooth muscle that move in strong downward motions
myometrium
and the _____, the inner mucous membrane of the uterus. Deep and velvety, has an abundant supply of blood vessels and glands, and is built up and broken down during the ovulation/menstruation cycle.
endometrium
the external genitalia, collectively known as the _____, consist of a mound of soft tissue the _____ _____, which is covered by pubic hair after puberty.
vulva; mons pubis
two folds of skin below the mons pubis, the ____ ____, form the borders of the vulva.
labia majora
between the labia majora lie two smaller skin folds, the ____ ____, which merge at the top to form the ____, the primary female organ of sexual stimulation.
labia minora; clitoris
the ____ ____ are embedded in the vaginal tissue near the vaginal os. The duct from those glands is located between the labia minora. The glands produce a lubricating fluid that bathes the vagina and surrounding vulva.
Bartholin’s glands
the space between the bottom of the labia majora and the anus is called the _____.
perineum
during pregnancy, hormones stimulate the _____ (milk-producing ducts and _____ that transport milk to the _____ (or mammary papilla).
lactiferous; sinuses; nipple
the dark-pigmented area surrounding the nipple is called the _____.
areola
after birth (_____), the mammary glands experience a let-down reflex, which allows milk to flow through the nipples (lactation) when the infant suckles.
parturition
amni/o
amnion
cervic/o
cervix
colp/o
vagina
episi/o
vulva
galact/o
milk
gynec/o
female
hyster/o
uterus
lact/o, lacti
milk
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
breast
men/o
menstruation
metr/o
uterus
oo
egg
oophor/o
ovary
ov/i, ov/o
egg
ovari/o
ovary
stimulates development of female sex characteristics and uterine wall thickening; source is ovarian follicle and corpus luteum
estrogen
hormone that stimulates uterine wall thickening and formation of mammary ducts; source is the corpus luteum
progesterone
hormone that promotes lactation; source is the pituitary gland
prolactin
hormone that stimulates labor and lactation; source pituitary gland
oxytocin
hormone that stimulates oocyte maturation; increasing estrogen; source is the pituitary gland
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
hormone that stimulates estrogen and progesterone from corpus luteum; source is placenta and embryo
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
day 1-5. _____ takes place during the first 5 days. The _____ lining sloughs off and is released, causing generally slow bleeding through the vagina.
menstruation; endometrial
day 6-12. The _____ is released from the anterior pituitary.
FSH
days 13-14. ovulation takes place, or the egg’s release from the follicle and the beginning of its trip down the fallopian tube. This release is stimulated by the pituitary’s release of _____, which promotes the fimbriae to swell and wave to entice the newly released ovum toward the fallopian tube.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
meanwhile the follicle fills with a yellow substance that secretes estrogen and progesterone. This secreting structure is known as the _____. encourages uterus to prepare for pregnancy.
corpus luteum
prevention of fertilization is accomplished with _____.
contraception
contraceptive devices include the ____ ____, _____ (both male and female), _____, _____, or _____
contraception; intrauterine device (IUD), condom; spermicide; diaphragm; sponge
_____ occurs after child-bearing years, when the reproductive hormones begin to decline, usually between the ages of 45 and 55. These changes can cause irregular menses, before periods stop altogether.
menopause
common symptoms of menopause
irregular periods, decreased fertility, hot flashes, sleep disturbances, night sweats, mood swings, increased abdominal fat, thinning hair, vaginal dryness, loss of breast fullness
the result of contact between the sperm and an ovum
pregnancy
pregnancy is usually through sexual intercourse (_____ or _____), fertilization may occur.
coitus; copulation
a pregnant woman is known as a _____, with gravida I being the first pregnancy, gravida II being the second, and so on.
gravida
an _____ _____ connects the placenta to the navel of the fetus so that the mother’s blood and the fetal blood do not mix, but nutrients and waste products are exchanged.
umbilical cord
the _____, the outermost membrane covering the fetus, and the _____, the innermost membrane next to the fluid surrounding the fetus (_____).
chorion; amnion; amniotic fluid
the placenta separates from the uterus after delivery and is expelled from the body as the _____.
afterbirth
at the end of the process where the mother is separated from the child, the woman is known as a _____ (one who has maintained a pregnancy to the point of viability). para I, Para II, and so on
Para
disease of the uterus is _____pathy.
metro-
surgical incision into the perineum to prevent tearing during childbirth is an _____tomy.
episio-
inflammation of the breast is _____itis.
mast-
vaginal hemorrhage is _____rrhagia.
colpo-
inflammation of the vulva is _____itis.
vulv-
_____plasty is surgical repair of a fallopian tube.
saplingo-
test of amniotic fluid by insertion of a needle into the amnion is _____centesis.
amnio-
_____plasty is surgical repair of the uterus.
utero-
_____itis is inflammation of an ovary.
oophor-
_____poiesis relates to milk production.
galacto-
_____ectomy is surgical removal of the uterus.
hyster-
hernia of an ovary is _____cele.
ovario-
_____genesis is production of eggs.
oo-
medical specialty that diagnoses and treats disorders of the female reproductive system is ____logy.
gyneco-
_____itis is inflammation of the cervix.
cervic-
menstrual discharge is _____rrhea.
meno-
a physician that only treats pregnant women is called a _____.
obstetrician
______, a physician who diagnoses and treats disorders of the female reproductive system.
gynecologists
a routine gynecological exam usually includes a _____, a gathering of cells from the cervix to detect cervical or vaginal cancer or other anomalies.
papanicolaou (Pap) smear
the cervix and vagina also may be examined by _____, use of a lighted instrument (a colposcope) for viewing into the vagina
colposcopy
_____ is the use of hysteroscope, a lighted instrument for examination of the interior of the uterus.
hysteroscopy
_____ is the use of an endoscope to examine the contents of the pelvic cavity.
culdoscopy
_____ is a procedure that produces radiograms of the breasts.
mammography
if the hormone _____, is present there is a high possibility of pregnancy.
HCG
several tests for fertility problems include _____, a procedure to x-ray the uterus and uterine tubes after a contrast medium is injected.
hysterosalpingography
_____ _____, imaging of the pelvic region using sound waves (used both for detection of tumors and for examination of the fetus.
pelvic ultrasonography
_____ _____, is a sound wave image of the pelvic area but done with a probe inserted into the vagina.
transvaginal ultrasound
during pregnancy, the dimensions of the pelvis are measured during _____, the taking of a measurement to see if the pelvis is large enough to allow delivery.
pelvimetry
to puncture the amniotic sac to obtain a sample of the fluid for examination (_____).
amniocentesis
in ____, a sample of fluid from the base of the pelvic cavity may show if an ectopic pregnancy has ruptured
culdocentesis
_____ (freezing) and ______ (burning) are two methods of destroying tissue (such as polyps), using cold temperatures in the former and burning in the latter
cryosurgery; cauterization
a _____ is the removal of fibroid tumors.
myomectomy
an ______ is the removal of an ovary.
oophorectomy
an _____ _____ is the removal of an ovary.
ovarian cystectomy
a _____ is the removal of a fallopian tube.
salpingectomy
a _____ is an incision into the fallopian tubes (usually to remove blockages).
salpingotomy
a _____ is the removal of the tumor itself along with surrounding tissue.
lumpectomy
during a _____, a breast is removed, which may mean the breast and underlying muscle as in a simple mastectomy.
mastectomy
breast surgery may include plastic surgery after mastectomy (_____) or reduction of the size of the breast (reduction mammoplasty).
mammoplasty
some women have pendulous breat tissue raised ( ______) or have small breasts augmented by surgical insertion of implants (augmentation mammoplasty)
mastopexy
spermicides destroy sperm in the vagina; _____, patches, and _____ control the flow of hormones to block ovulation
birth control pills; implants
_____ prevent implantation of an ovum.
morning-after pills
_____ is used during and after natural or surgical menopause to alleviate symptoms, such as hot flashes.
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
______, another hormone, is used to induce labor.
oxytocin
a _____ agent stops labor contractions
tocolytic
cervix
Cx
dilation and curettage
D & C
follicle-stimulating hormone
FSH
gynecology, gynecologist
GYN
human chorionic gonadotropin
HCG
hormone replacement therapy
HRT
intrauterine device
IUD
luteinizing hormone
LH
last menstrual period
LMP
papanicolaou test/smear
Pap
pelvic inflammatory disease
PID
premenstrual syndrome
PMS
sexually transmitted infection
STI
total abdominal hysterectomy
TAH
toxic shock syndrome
TSS
some pregnancies are not in thenselves normal and spontaneously end in _____. A controversial term in public discourse, in medicine is simply means the premature end of a pregnancy, whether spontaneously during a _____ or surgically.
abortion; miscarriage
the placenta may break away from the uterine wall (_____ _____) and require immediate delivery of the infant.
abruptio placentae
_____ _____ is a condition in which the placenta blocks the birth canal, and usually requires a caesarean delivery.
placenta previa
birth of a dead fetus
stillbirth
a baby born before 37 weeks of gestation
premature birth
a toxic condition during pregnancy is called _____.
preeclampsia
menstrual abnormalities sometimes occur. _____, the absence of menstruation, may result from a normal condition (pregnancy or menopause) or an abnormal condition (excessive dieting or extremely strenuous exercise).
amenorrhea
_____ is painful cramping associated with menstruation.
dysmenorrhea
_____ is excessive menstrual bleeding
menorrhagia
_____ is a scanty menstrual period.
oligomenorrhea
_____ is irregular and often excessive bleeding during or between menstrual periods.
menometrorrhagia
_____ is uterine bleeding between menstrual periods.
metrorrhagia
_____ is a painful sexual intercourse, usually due to some condition, such as dryness, inflammation, or other disorder in the female reproductive system.
dyspareunia
abnormal positioning of the uterus includes _____, a bending forward.
anteflexion
_____ is a bending backward of the uterus so that it is angle.
retroflexion
_____ is a backward turn of the uterus (sometimes called a tipped uterus) so that it faces toward the back.
retroversion
various inflammations and infections occur in the female reproductive system. _____ is an inflammation of the cervix.
cervicitis
_____ is a general term for inflammation of the breast, particularly during lactation.
mastitis
_____ is an inflammation of the fallopian tubes.
salpingitis
_____ is an inflammation of the vagina.
vaginitis
___ ___ ___ is a rare, severe infection that occurs in menstruating women and is usually associated with tampon use
toxic shock syndrome
____ ___ ___ (PID) is a bacterial infection anywhere in the female reproductive system.
pelvic inflammatory disease
a ____ ____ is a condition where the uterine muscles cause the cervix to protrude into the vaginal opening.
prolapsed uterus
perineal muscles can be strengthened using ____ ____, alternately contracting and releasing the perineal muscles.
kegel exercise
a _____ is a growth on the outside of the genitalia that may be a result of an infection by the human papilloma virus (HPV).
condyloma
An ____ ____ develops on or in the ovaries.
ovarian cyst
_____ are common benign tumors found in the uterus.
fibroids
_____ is an abnormal condition in which uterine lining tissue (endometrium) is found in the pelvis or the abdominal wall.
endometriosis
Some common sexually transmitted infections include ______, an infectious disease treatable with antibiotics
syphilis
_____, a contagious infection of the genital mucous membrane
gonorrhea
_____ ___, a contagious and recurring infection with lesions on the genitalia
herpes II
____ ____ ____ (HPV) a contagious infection that causes genital warts
human papillomavirus
_____, a microorganism that causes several transmitted diseases; and HIV (which leads to AIDS). HPV is sometimes associated with cervical cancer.
chlamydia
_____, an infection often in the vaginal tract, also may be transmitted through sexual contact.
trichomoniasis
