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Medical Terminology > Chapter 8- Structure and Function of the Sensory System > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Structure and Function of the Sensory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

audi/o, audit/o

A

hearing

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2
Q

aur/o, auricul/o

A

hearing

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3
Q

blephar/o

A

eyelid

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4
Q

cerumin/o

A

wax

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5
Q

cochle/o

A

cochlea

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6
Q

conjunctiv/o

A

conjuntiva

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7
Q

cor/o, core/o

A

pupil

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8
Q

corne/o

A

cornea

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9
Q

cycl/o

A

ciliary body

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10
Q

glauc/o

A

gray or silver

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11
Q

ir/o, irid/o

A

iris

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12
Q

kerat/o

A

cornea

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13
Q

lacrim/o

A

tears

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14
Q

mastoid/o

A

mastoid process

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15
Q

myring/o

A

eardrum/tympanic membrane, middle ear

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16
Q

nas/o

A

nose

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17
Q

ocul/o

A

eye

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18
Q

ophthalm/o

A

eye

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19
Q

opt/o, optic/o

A

eye

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20
Q

ossicul/o

A

ossicle

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21
Q

phac/o, phak/o

A

lens

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22
Q

presby/o

A

old

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23
Q

pupill/o

A

pupil

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24
Q

retin/o

A

retina

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25
Q

salping/o

A

tube

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26
Q

scler/o

A

white of the eye

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27
Q

scot/o

A

darkness

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28
Q

tympan/o

A

eardrum, middle ear

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29
Q

uve/o

A

uvea

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30
Q

what are the three layers of each eye made up of?

A

the sclera, the choroids, and the retinal layer

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31
Q

The outer layer of the eye is a smooth, firm, white posterior section called the ______. it is made of a thick, tough membrane. The sclera supports the eyeball. Has blood vessels to nourish the cornea.

A

sclera

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32
Q

The _____ is the transparent, anterior section, which is the first place where the light is bent, or refracted, as it enters the eye. Has a greater curvature to capture and direct light into the eye.

A

cornea

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33
Q

The cornea is transparent, has no blood vessels, and bends (or refracts) light rays in a process called _____.

A

refraction

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34
Q

The outer layer is covered by the ______.

A

eyelid

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35
Q

the anterior surface of the eye and the posterior surface of the eyelid are lined with a mucous membrane (the _____).

A

conjunctiva (conjunctivae)

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36
Q

The _____ or middle layer, is a vascular layer of blood vessels, consisting of a thin posterior membrane. Anteriorly, this is continuous with the _____, which contains the ciliary muscles, used for focusing the eyes.

A

choroid; ciliary body

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37
Q

vision is the process that begins when light is refracted as it hits the cornea and again when it hits the retina. Light passes through the _____, the black circular center of the eye, then passes through the _____, a colorless, flexible transparent body behind the ______, the colored part of the eye that expands and contracts in response to light, thereby opening and closing the pupil.

A

pupil; lens; iris

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38
Q

From there it goes to the lens, which is suspended by ligaments that extend to the cilirary body. The cilirary body contracts to change the shape of the lens in a process called accommodation. accommodation allows the eye to focus on objects at varying distances. This region of the eye that includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, is known as the ______.

A

uvea

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39
Q

the interior layer of the eye is called the retinal layer. it contains the _____, a light-sensitive membrane that can decode the light waves and send the information on to the brain, which interprets what we see.

A

retina

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40
Q

The retina itself has many layers. the thick layer of nervous tissue is called neuroretina, which consists of specialized nerve receptor cells called ____, sensors of black and white shades, and _____, sensors of color and the brightest light.

A

rods; cones

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41
Q

There are three types of cones one each for red, green, and blue. Along with other nerve cells, that convert the light images recieved to nerve impulses that are then transmitted through the _____ to appropriate lobes of the brain.

A

optic nerve

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42
Q

the region where the retina connects to the optic nerve, where there are no rods or cones to receive images, is called the ______.

A

optic disk or blind spot

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43
Q

The _____ and _____ help keep foreign particles from entering the eye.

A

eyebrows; eyelashes

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44
Q

the _____ secrete moisture into the lacrimal ducts or tear ducts.

A

lacrimal glands

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45
Q

the resulting _____ mositen the eyes, wash foreign particles off the eye, and distribute water and nutrients to parts of the eye.

A

tears

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46
Q

the three major divisions the ear are the ______, the _____, and the _____

A

external, middle, and inner ear

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47
Q

the external ear begins on the outside of the head with a funnel-like structure called the _____ or _____.

A

auricle; pinna

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48
Q

this structure leads through part of the skull known as the _____ (which itself has a bony projection called the mastoid process) to an S-shaped tube called the _____(3 words).

A

temporal bone; external auditory meatus

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49
Q

ear wax is also called _____.

A

cerumen

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50
Q

the middle ear icludes the tympanic cavity, in whihc sits the _____ (_____) and the _____, three small, specially shaped bones..

A

eardrum; tympanic membrane; auditory ossicles

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51
Q

the middle ear is connected to the pharynx through the _____ (auditory tube). This tube helps equalize air pressure on both sides of the eardrum, which is essential to hearing.

A

eustachian tube

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52
Q

the inner ear is a system of two tubes: the _____ and the _____.

A

osseous labyrinth; membranous labyrinth

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53
Q

the labyrinths include three _____, structures - important to equilibrium, and a _____, a snail-shaped structure important for hearing.

A

semicircular canals; cochlea

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54
Q

_____ (intensity of sound) has different levels that can be heard by a normal ear.

A

decibel

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55
Q

The sense of _____ is the ability to maintain steady balance either when still, static equilibrium, or when moving, dynamic equilibrium. The bony chamber between the semicircular canal and the cochlea is called the _____. Structures within the vestibule respond to movement and aid in maintaining balance.

A

equilibrium; vestibule

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56
Q

light touch is felt in the _____ layer of skin

A

top

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57
Q

touch with harder pressure is felt in the _____ or _____ layer.

A

middle; bottom

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58
Q

the skin’s receptors can sense _____, _____, _____, and _____ and _____ temps.

A

touch; pressure; pain; hot; cold

59
Q

The sense of smell, or olfactory stimulation, is activated by olfactory receptors located at the top of the nasal cavity. The olfactory receptors are neurons covered with cilia that send small messages to the brain. The receptors are located within the _____, yellowish-brown masses along the top of the nasal cavity.

A

olfactory organs

60
Q

_____ are organs that sense the taste of food.

A

taste buds

61
Q

Most taste buds are on the surface of the tongue in small raised structures called _____.

A

papillae (pappila)

62
Q

Each taste bud contains receptor cells, called _____. Nerve fibers wrapped around the taste cells transmit impulses.

A

taste cells

63
Q

_____itis is inflammation of the tympanic membrane.

A

myring-

64
Q

method of relieving intraocular pressure in glaucoma is _____dialysis.

A

cyclo-

65
Q

_____plasty is plastic surgery on the conjunctiva.

A

conjuntivo-

66
Q

_____oma is a tumor of the lens.

A

phac-

67
Q

bulging of the sclera is ______ ectasia.

A

scler-

68
Q

instrument for measuring hearing is an _____meter.

A

audio-

69
Q

_____ptosis is prolapse of the iris.

A

irido-

70
Q

_____ectomy is removal of one of the ossicles of the middle ear.

A

ossicul-

71
Q

inflammation of the uvea is _____itis.

A

uve-

72
Q

______itis is inflammation of the eyelid.

A

blephar-

73
Q

Incision into the lacrimal duct is _____tomy.

A

lacrimo-

74
Q

instrument for determining eye refraction is an _____meter.

A

opto-

75
Q

_____scleral pertains to the cornea and sclera.

A

corneo-

76
Q

repair of a damaged middle ear is _____plasty.

A

tympano-

77
Q

_____itis is inflammation of the mastoid process.

A

mastoid-

78
Q

surgical correction of the size and shape of a pupil is ______plasty.

A

coreo-

79
Q

_____conus is abnormal protrusion of the cornea.

A

kerato-

80
Q

instrument for measuring the diameter of the pupil is a _____meter.

A

pupillo-

81
Q

A calculus in the tear duct is a _____lith.

A

dacryo-

82
Q

instrument for studying the interior of the eyeball is an _____scope.

A

ophthalmo-

83
Q

_____cranial pertains to the auricle of the ear and the cranium.

A

auriculo-

84
Q

inflammation of the retina is _____itis.

A

retin-

85
Q

agent for softening earwax is a _____lytic.

A

cerumino-

86
Q

instrument for evaluating a scotoma, or blind spot, is a _____meter.

A

scoto-

87
Q

pertaining to the cochlea and the vestibule of the ear is _____vestibular.

A

cochleo-

88
Q

_____sinusitis is inflammation of the nasal and sinus cavities

A

naso-

89
Q

An _____ (medical doctor who specializes in treatment and surgeries of the eye) and an _____ (a trained non medical specialist who can examine patients for vision problems and prescribe lenses) both perform routine eye examinations.

A

ophthalmologist; optometrist

90
Q

the _____ measures the ability to see objects clearly at measured distance.

A

visual acuity test

91
Q

Depending on the patient’s age, most routine eye examinations also include _____, a measurement of pressure within the eye (a test for glaucoma), and _____ (visual examination of the interior of the eye). If the patient meeds corrective lenses, an _____ (trained technicians who makes and fits corrective lenses) can fill the prescription written by an ophthalmologist or an optometrist. Most optometrists and some ophthalmologists also fill prescriptions for lenses.

A

tonometry; ophthalmoscopy; optician

92
Q

a _____ (4 words) is used to view the interior of the eye magnified through a microscope.

A

slit lamp ocular device

93
Q

_____ (2 words) is the injection of a contrast medium into the blood vessels to observe the movement of blood throughout the eye. People with diabetes and other diseases that may manifest lesions on various parts of the eye.

A

fluorescein angiography

94
Q

An _____ is an ear specialist and an _____ is a non medical hearing specialist.

A

otologist; audiologist

95
Q

_____ are specialists who practice otorhinolaryngology, the medical specialty covering the ear,nose, and throat.

A

otorhinolaryngologists

96
Q

They all perform thorough examinations that include _____, visual examination of the ear using an otoscope, a lighted viewing device.

A

otoscopy

97
Q

such an examination also might include _____, the measurement of various acoustic frequencies to determine what frequencies the patient can or cannot hear. The device used is an audiometer and the results of the test are plotted on a graph, an _____.

A

audiometry; audiogram

98
Q

the inside of the ear may be tested using a _____, an otoscope that allows air to be blown into the ear to view the movement of the eardrum.

A

pneumatic otoscope

99
Q

A _____ compares the conduction of sound in one ear or between the two ears. The _____ and the _____ are two tuning for tests.

A

tuning fork; rinne test; weber test

100
Q

Corrective lenses may be placed in frames to be worn in the face or may be in the form of _____, which are placed directly over the cornea of the eye and centered on the pupil.

A

contact lenses

101
Q

an eye examination may reveal an ______.

A

astigmatism

102
Q

distortion of sight because light rays do not come to a single focus on the retina. It also may reveal _____ (_____) or _____ (_____).

A

hyperopia; farsightedness; myopia; nearsightedness

103
Q

_____ is the loss of close reading vision due to lessened ability to focus and accommodate. It is a common disorder after age 40 and another type of refractive disorder.

A

presbyopia

104
Q
A
105
Q

_____ is eye misalignment (sometimes called “criss-eyed”). Two types of strabismus are _____, deviation of one eye inward, and _____, deviation of one eye outward.

A

strabismus; esotropia; exotropia

106
Q

_____, or _____, is a condition in which the eyes tire easily because of weakness of the ocular or ciliary muscles.

A

asthenopia; eye strain

107
Q

______ is double vision..

A

diplopia

108
Q

_____ is extreme sensitivity to light, sometimes as a result of a disease.

A

photophobia

109
Q

_____ are cloudiness of the lens of the eye.

A

cataracts

110
Q

_____ is any disease caused by increased intraocular pressure of the aqueous humor.

A

glaucoma

111
Q

glaucoma if not treatable, it can lead to _____, loss of vision.

A

blindness

112
Q

There are many other causes of blindness, such as congenital defects, trauma to the eyes, and _____. The breakdown of macular tissue, which leads to loss of central vision, the vision we use for reading, driving, and watching television.

A

macular degeneration

113
Q

The eyeball can protrude abnormally, as in _____ or _____, usually caused by hyperthyroidism. _____ is excessive tearing and _____ is excessive eyeball movement.

A

exophthalmos or exophthalmus; lacrimation; nystagmus

114
Q

inflammation and conditions of the eyelid include _____, involuntary eyelid movement causing excessive blinking; _____ inflammation of the eyelid; _____ or _____, a highly infectious inflammation of the conjunctiva; and _____, paralysis of the eyelid causing drooping.

A

blepharospasm; blepharitis; conjunctivitis; pinkeye; blepharoptosis

115
Q

A _____ is a nodular inflammation that usually forms on the eyelid _____ is abnormal growth of eyelashes in a direction that causes them to rub on the eye. A _____ is an infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid.

A

chalazion; trichiasis; sty, stye

116
Q

inflammation of the other parts of the eye include _____, inflammation of the iris.

A

iritis

117
Q

_____, inflammation of the cornea.

A

keratitis

118
Q

_____, inflammation of the retina.

A

retinitis

119
Q

_____, inflammation of the sclera.

A

scleritis

120
Q

_____ is either partial or total hearing loss.

A

deafness otosclerosis

121
Q

_____ (3words) is caused by lessening of vibrations of the ear.

A

conductive hearing loss

122
Q

_____ (3 words) (also known as nerve deafness) is caused by lesions or dysfunction of those parts of the ear necessary to hearing.

A

sensorineural hearing loss

123
Q

_____(2 words), abnormal wax buildup, can diminish hearing.

A

cerumen impaction

124
Q

_____ is the hardening of bone within the ear.

A

erosis

125
Q

_____ is a constant ringing or buzzing within the ear.

A

tinnitus

126
Q

_____ or earache can interfere with hearing.

A

otalgia

127
Q

_____, bleeding in the ear, and _____, purulent matter draining from the ear, also can impair hearing, usually temporarily.

A

otorrhagia; otorrhea

128
Q

the sense of equilibrium is disturbed in _____, dizziness.

A

vertigo

129
Q

various ear inflammations can diminish hearing or cause pain. _____ is inflammation of the middle ear.

A

otitis media

130
Q

_____ (3 words) is bacterial in nature and is often found in children.

A

suppurative otitis media

131
Q

_____ (3 words) is fluid contained in the middle ear, preventing free movement of the tympanic membrane.

A

serous otitis media

132
Q

_____, also known as swimmer’s ear, is a fungal infection of the external ear canal, often occurring in hot weather.

A

otitis externa

133
Q

_____ is elevated fluid pressure within the cochlea, causing disturbances of the equilibrium and vertigo.

A

meniere’s disease

134
Q

corneal transplants or _____ may give or restore sight.

A

keratoplasty

135
Q

plastic surgery is used in _____, eyelid repair.

A

blepharoplasty

136
Q

_____, surgical repaid of the outer ear.

A

otoplasty

137
Q

_____ eardrum repair

A

tympanoplasty

138
Q

_____ solution is an antibacterial agent used to treat eye infections, such as conjunctivitis.

A

antibiotic ophthalmic

139
Q

a _____ solution dilates the pupil during an eye examination.

A

mydriatic

140
Q

a _____ solution causes the pupil to contract.

A

miotic

141
Q

ALS

A

american sign language

142
Q

dB

A

decibel

143
Q

IOL

A

intraocular lens

144
Q

IOP

A

intraocular pressure

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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