Chapter 7- Structure and Function of The Nervous System Flashcards
cephal/o
head
cerebell/o
cerebellum
cerebr/o, cerebr/i
cerebrum
crani/o
cranium
encephal/o
brain
gangli/o
ganglion
gli/o
neuroglia
mening/o, meningi/o
meninges
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
neur/o, neur/i
nerve
spin/o
spine
thalam/o
thalamus
vag/o
vagus nerve
ventricul/o
ventricle
A _____ or _____ is the basic element of the nervous system. Neurons are highly specialized types of cells and vary greatly in function, shape and size.
nerve cell neuron
what are the three parts of a neuron?
cell body, dendrites and axon (myelin sheath)
the _____ has branches or fibers that reach out to send or receive impulses. The cell body contains all the biological structures that are common to all human cells.
cell body
_____ are branches or fibers that reach out to send or receive impulses toward the cell body.
dendrites
the _____ conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. It is generally a single branch covered by fatty tissue called the _____. This protective sheath prevents the nerve from transmitting impulses in the wrong direction
axon; myelin sheath
outside the myelin sheath is a membranous covering called the neurilemma. At the end of the axon, there are ______ through which the impulse passes when leaving the neuron. The nerve impulse then jumps from one neuron to the next over a space called a _____. The nerve impulse is stimulated to jump over the synapse by a _____ and by various substances produced by, and located in, tiny sacs at the end of the terminal end fibers.
terminal end fibers; synapse; neurotransmitter
all neurons also have two basic properties: _____, the ability to respond to a _____ (anything that arouses a response), and _____, the ability to transmit a signal.
Excitability; stimulus; conductivity
what are the three types of neurons?
efferent, afferent, and interneurons
_____ which convey information to the muscles and glands from the CNS.
efferent neurons
_____, which carry information from sensory receptors to the CNS.
afferent neurons
_____, which carry and process sensory information.
interneurons
neurons are microscopic entities that form bundles called _____. the bearers of electrical messages to the organs and muscles of the body. The body’s cells contain stored electrical energy that is released when the cells receive outside stimuli or when internal chemicals (ex: _____ or _____) stimulate the cells. The released energy passes through the nerve cell causing a _____ which is received or transmitted by tissues or organs called _____. These impulses are then transmitted to other receptors throughout the body.
nerves; acetylcholine (ACh); norepinephrine; nerve impulse receptors
______, a barrier that permits a few chemical substances to reach the brain’s neurons but blocks most
blood brain barrier
The _____ consists of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
the human adult _____ weighs about 3 pounds, is 85% water, contains more than 100 billion neurons, and controls many bodily functions and interactions with the outside world
brain
what are the 3 major divisions of the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
this part of the brainstem is involved with visual reflexes.
midbrain
this part of the brain stem is involved with the control of certain respiratory functions.
pons
the part of the brainstem that contains centers that regulate heart and lung functions, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing
medulla oblongata
the _____ is the area that coordinates musculoskeletal movement to maintain posture, balance, and muscle tone
cerebellum
the _____, the largest area of the brain, taking up 85% of its mass.
cerebrum
The cerebrum has two hemispheres, with an outer portion called _____. the inner portion is divided into two hemispheres, one on the left and one on the right.
cerebral cortex
the cerebral cortex (area of conscious decision making) has many _____ and ______ and is composed of grey matter, the substance in the brain composed mainly of nerve cells and dendrites.
fissures; convolutions
area of the brain incharge of musculoskeletal movement
basal ganglia
area of the brain composed mainly of nerve fibers is below the cerebral cortex
white matter
the ______ controls voluntary motor movements, emotional expression and moral behavior
frontal lobe
the _____ controls and interprets the senses and taste
parietal lobe
the _____ controls memory, equilibrium, emotions, and hearing
temporal lobe
the _____ controls vision and various forms of expression
occipital lobe
the ___ is the deep portion of the brain containing the _____, _____, _____, and _____.
thalamus; hypothalamus; epithalamus; ventral thalamus
parts of the brain that serve as relay centers for sensations, and integration with the ANS.
thalamus; hypothalamus; epithalamus; ventral thalamus
the brain sits inside the _____. Which is a strong bony structure protecting it.
cranium
the area between the brain and the cranium is filled with _____.
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
______, or cavities in the brain contain CSF. Meninges also protect the brain
ventricles
_____ extends from the medulla to the second lumbar vertebra. Contained within the vertebral column.
spinal cord
space that contains the spinal column is called _____.
vertebral canal
the _____ are three layers of CT membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
meninges
the outer layer, the _____, is tough, fibrous membrane that covers the entire length of the spinal cord and contains channels for blood to enter brain tissue.
dura mater
the middle layer, _____, is a weblike structure that runs across the space (called the _____) containing cerebrospinal fluid.
arachnoid; subdural space
The _____, the innermost layer of meninges, is a thick membrane containing many blood vessels that nourish the spinal cord.
pia mater
the space between the dura mater and the bones of the spinal cord is called the _____. Containing blood vessels and some fat. Place for injections to dull pain
epidural space
the peripheral nerve system includes 12 pairs of _____ that carry impulses to and from the brain and 31 pairs of _____ that carry messages to and from the spinal cord and the torso and extremities of the body.
cranial nerves; spinal nerves
Nerves of the _____ receive and process sensory input from the skin, muscles, tendons, joints, eyes, tongue, nose, and ears. They also excite the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles.
somatic nervous system
nerves of the _____ carry impulses from the CNS to glands, various smooth (involuntary) muscles, cardiac muscle, and various membranes. The ANS stimulates organs, glands, and sense by stimulating secretions of various substances.
autonomic nervous system
the ANS is further divided into _____ and _____.
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
system that operates when the body is awakening, increasing activity or under stress. (fight or flight)
sympathetic
this system operates to keep body in homeostasis, or balance, under normal conditions. (rest and digest)
parasympathetic
inflammation of the brain is _____itis.
encephal-
surgical severing of the vagus nerve is _____otomy
vag-
inflammation of the cerebellum is _____itis.
cerebell-
having the shape of a ganglion is _____form.
gangli-
inflammation of the ventricles of the brain is _____itis.
ventricul-
_____itis is inflammation of a nerve.
neur-
relating to the face and the cranium is _____facial.
cranio-
softening of the spinal cord is _____malacia.
myelo-
______matosis is abnormal growth of neuroglia in the brain or spinal column.
glio-
_____tomy is an incision into the thalamus to destroy a portion causing or transmitting sensations of pain
thalamo-
pain in the head is _____algia.
ceph-
a _____cele is a protrusion of the spinal meninges above the surface of the skin.
meningo-
an _____ is a record of the electrical impulses of the brain. This record can detect abnormalities that signal certain neurological conditions.
electroencephalogram (EEG)
shocking the peripheral nerves and timing the conductivity of the sock is called _____.
nerve conduction velocity
_____ is a recording of electrical and movement patterns during sleep to diagnose sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, a dangerous breathing disorder
polysomnography (PSG)
the use of magnetic fields and radio waves to visualize structures is called _____.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
_____ is the imaging of blood vessels to detect various abnormalities.
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
_____ is the visualizing of the head to check for aneurysms and other abnormalities.
intracranial MRA
_____ is the imaging of the neck to check the carotid artery for abnormalities.
extracranial MRA
_____ is a procedure that produces brain images using radioactive isotopes.
SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomopgraphy) brain scan
___ produces brain images using radioactive isotopes and tomography. Gives highly accurate images of the brain structures and physiology and can provide diagnoses of various brain disorders.
PET (positron emission tomography) scan
_____ uses tomography to show cross-sectional radiographic images
computerized (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) scan
a _____ is an x-ray of the spinal cord after a contrast medium is injected.
myelogram
a _____ is an x-ray of the brain’s blood vessels after a contrast medium is injected.
cerebral angiogram
_____ is the radiographic study of the ventricles of the brain.
encephalography
the record made by this study is called an _____.
encephalogram
sound waves are used to create brain images in a _____ for diagnosing and managing head and stroke trauma.
transcranial sonogram
ultrasound also is used in _____, encephalography using ultrasound waves.
echoencephalography
a _____ is an involuntary muscular contraction in response to a stimulus.
reflex
the _____ is a reflex on the plantar surface of the foot.
babinski reflex
CSF that has been withdrawn from between two lubar vertebrae during a _____ can be studied for the presence of various substances, which may indicate certain diseases.
lumbar (spinal) puncture
A _____ is an injury to the brain from an impact with an object. This may follow with nausea, disorientation, dizziness, and/or vomiting.
concussion
a severe concussion can lead to _____, an abnormally deep sleep with little or no response to stimuli. Can result from strokes or other causes.
coma
a more serious trauma than concussion is a _____ a bruising of the surface of the brain without penetration into the brain. Can result in extreme disorientation, listlessness, and even death.
brain contusion
A traumatic event where the brain hits the skull and then rebounds to the other side of the skull
closed head trauma
severe form of closed head trauma in which a young child experiences head trauma, causing the brain to hit the sides of the skull creating potentially fatal damage.
shaken baby syndrome
a tumorlike collection of blood between the dura mater and the arachnoid or base of the dura mater.
subdural hematoma
______ is a defect in the spinal column
spina bifida
_____ is a covered lesion of the vertebra that is generally visible only by x-ray. least severe of the forms.
spina bifida occulta
_____ is a more severe form of the condition, usually with a _____ (protrusion of the spinal meninges above the surface of the skin) or a _____ (protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord).
spina bifida cystica; meningocele; meningomyelocele
_____ is a hereditary disease found primarily in the descendants of Eastern European Jews. It is a genetic disease characterized by an enzyme deficiency that causes deterioration in the CNS’s cells.
Tay-Sachs disease
_____ is an overproduction of fluid in the brain. It usually occurs at birth (can occur in adults with infections or tumors) and is treated with a shunt placed from the ventricle of the brain to the peritoneal space to relieve pressure.
hydrocephalus
degenerative diseases of the CNS can affect almost any part of the body. Deterioration in mental capacity is found in _____ and _____, a progressive degeneration of neurons in the brain, eventually leading to death. Some symptoms that worsen as Alzheimer disease progresses are _____ (loss of memory), _____ (inability to properly use familiar objects), and _____ (in ability to receive and understand outside stimuli).
dementia; alzheimer’s disease; amnesia; apraxia; agnosia
_____ is a degenerative disease of the motor neurons leading to loss of muscular control and death. It is also known as.
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); lou gehrig disease
several degenerative diseases are not necessarily fatal. _____ is a hereditary disease with uncontrollable jerking movements and progressive loss of neural control.
huntington chorea
_____, a disease with muscle weakness, can be treated to avoid the overproduction of antibodies that block neurotransmitters from sending proper nerve impulses to skeletal muscles.
myasthenia gravis
_____, a degeneration of nerves in the brain, causes tremors, weakness of muscles, and difficulty in walking. It is treated with drugs that increase the levels of _____ in the brain. Treatment helps relieve symptoms but does not cure the disease.
parkinson’s disease; dopamine
_____ is a partial or complete paralysis.
palsy
_____ includes lack of motor coordination form cerebral damage during gestation or birth.
cerebral palsy
_____ is a paralysis of one side of the face. Which usually disappears after treatment.
Bell’s palsy
_____ is lack of voluntary muscle coordination resulting from disorders of the cerebellum, pons, or spinal cord.
ataxia
_____ is chronic, recurrent seizure activity. occurs because of abnormal conditions in the brain that causes sudden excessive electrical activity.
epilepsy
_____, a collection of symptoms felt just before the actual seizure (mild or intense).
aura
_____ or _____ are mild and usually include only a momentary disorientation with the environment.
absence seizure; petit mal seizures
_____ or _____ are much more severe and include loss of consciousness, convulsions, and twitching of limbs
tonic-clonic seizures; grand mal seizures
_____ is a viral disease caused by the herpes zoster virus. Pain in the peripheral nerves and blisters on the skin.
shingles
infectious disease of the nervous system include _____ and _____.
shingles; meningitis
_____ (also called _____) is cause by bacteria and includes such symptoms as fever, headache, and stiff neck. It is usually treated with antibiotics. Can be fatal.
pyrogenic meningitis; bacterial meningitis
_____ is caused by viruses and, although it has the same symptoms as pyrogenic meningitis, it usually allowed to run its course. Medication can be given for some of the more uncomfortable symptoms (fever, headache).
viral meningitis
inflammation of the nerves
neuritis
inflammation of the spinal cord
myelitis
inflammation of the brain
encephalitis
inflammation of the cerebellum
cerebellitis
inflammation of the ganglion
gangliitis
inflammation of the spinal nerve roots
radiculitis
inflammations causing pain in the area served by the nerve. Lower back and leg pain is common.
sciatica
a benign or malignant tumor that arises from the neuroglia
glioma
a benign or malignant tumor that arises from the meninges
meningioma
_____ and _____ are all types of gliomas.
oligodendroglioma; glioblastoma multiforme
a _____ is any group of nerve cells bunched together to form a growth or cyst, usually arising from a wrist tendon.
ganglion
vascular problems, such as arteriosclerosis, may cause a _____, a disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain.
cerebrovascular accident
Various types of _____ (_____) result from this disruption.
stroke; cerebral infarction
A _____ (stationary blood clot) may cause _____ (blocking of a blood vessel, which in turn may cause a ______.
thrombus; occlusion; thrombotic stroke
a person may experience milder symptoms before a major stroke. These short incidents are known as _____.
transient ischemic attacks
An _____ is caused by an _____, a clot that travels form somewhere in the body to the cerebral arteries and blocks a small vessel, causing a sudden stroke.
embolic stroke; embolus
A _____ is caused by blood escaping from a damaged cerebral artery. It may be caused by sudden trauma or an _____, bursting of the wall of an artery after abnormal widening or weakening.
hemorrhagic stroke; aneurysm
common symptom of strokes causing speech difficulty.
dysphasia
common symptom of strokes causing loss of speech.
aphasia
_____ or _____ is caused by lack of oxygen to the brain.
fainting; syncope
_____ is an altered state of consciousness resulting in extreme sleepiness
somnolence
_____ is the altered state of consciousness resulting in uncontrollable, sudden lapses into deep sleep
narcolepsy
_____ are the specialists who perform surgery on the brain and spinal cord.
neurosurgeon
A _____ is removal of a portion of the brain to treat epilepsy and other disorders, such as brain cancer.
lobectomy
A _____, severing of nerves in the frontal lobe of the brain, was once considered a primary method of treating mental illness.
lobotomy
_____ is the removal of part of the skull, or a _____, incision into the skill may be performed to operate directly on the brain.
craniectomy; craniotomy
_____ or ______ is the destruction of deep-seated brain structures using three-dimensional coordinates to locate the structures.
stereotaxy; stereotactic surgery
_____ is the surgical repair of a nerve.
neuroplasty
_____ is the surgical removal of a nerve.
neurectomy
A _____ is the dissection of a nerve.
neurotomy
A ______ is the suturing of a severed nerve
neurorrhaphy
A _____ is the severing of the vagus nerve to relieve pain.
vagotomy
The nervous system can be the site of severe pain. _____ relieve pain. Other problems of the nervous system may be associated with diseases such as epilepsy.
analgesics
_____ are often used to treat epilepsy and other disorders to lessen or prevent convulsions.
anticonvulsants
______ relieve pain by inducing a stuporous or euphoric state.
narcotics
_____ and _____ relax the nerves and sometimes induce sleep.
sedatives; hypnotics
_____ block feelings or sensations and are used in surgery. Can be given locally or generally.
anesthetics
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ALS
central nervous system
CNS
cerebrospinal fluid
CSF
cerebrovascular accident
CVA
electroencephalogram
EEG
intracranial pressure
ICP
magnetic resonance angiography
MRA
magnetic resonance imaging
MRI
peripheral nervous system
PNS
spinal cord injury
SCI
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
TENS
transient ischemic attack
TIA
