Chapter 6- Structure and Function on the Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

ricarthr/o

Answer 1

joint

Question 2

ankyl/o

Answer 2

bent, crooked

Question 3

brachi/o

Answer 3

arm

Question 4

burs/o

Answer 4

bursa

Question 5

calcane/o

Answer 5

heel

Question 6

calci/o

Answer 6

calcium

Question 7

carp/o

Answer 7

wrist

Question 8

cephal/o

Answer 8

head

Question 9

cervic/o

Answer 9

neck

Question 10

chondr/o

Answer 10

cartilage

Question 11

condyl/o

Answer 11

knob, knuckle

Question 12

cost/o

Answer 12

rib

Question 13

crani/o

Answer 13

skull

Question 14

dactyl/o

Answer 14

fingers, toes

Question 15

fasci/o

Answer 15

fascia

Question 16

femor/o

Answer 16

femur

Question 17

fibr/o

Answer 17

fiber

Question 18

humer/o

Answer 18

humerus

Question 19

ili/o

Answer 19

ilium

Question 20

ischi/o

Answer 20

ischium

Question 21

kyph/o

Answer 21

hump,bent

Question 22

lamino/o

Answer 22

lamina

Question 23

leiomy/o

Answer 23

smooth muscle

Question 24

lumb/o

Answer 24

lumbar

Question 25

maxill/o

Answer 25

upper jaw

Question 26

metacarp/o

Answer 26

metacarpal

Question 27

my/o

Answer 27

Muscle

Question 28

oste/o

Answer 28

bone

Question 29

patell/o

Answer 29

knee

Question 30

ped/i, ped/o

Answer 30

foot

Question 31

pelv/o

Answer 31

pelvis

Question 32

phalang/o

Answer 32

finger or toe bone

Question 33

pod/o

Answer 33

foot

Question 34

pub/o

Answer 34

pubes

Question 35

rachi/o

Answer 35

spine

Question 36

radi/o

Answer 36

forearm bone

Question 37

rhabd/o

Answer 37

rod-shaped

Question 38

rhabdomy/o

Answer 38

striated muscle

Question 39

scapul/o

Answer 39

scapula

Question 40

scoli/o

Answer 40

curved

Question 41

spondyl/o

Answer 41

vertebra

Question 42

stern/o

Answer 42

sternum

Question 43

synov/o

Answer 43

synovial membrane

Question 44

tars/o

Answer 44

tarsus

Question 45

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

Answer 45

tendon

Question 46

thorac/o

Answer 46

thorax

Question 47

tibi/o

Answer 47

tibia

Question 48

uln/o

Answer 48

ulna

Question 49

vertebr/o

Answer 49

vertebra

Question 50

Bones are made of _____ and include a rich network of blood vessels and nerves. The cells of bone, called _____, are part of a dense network of CT. The cells themselves are surrounded by calcium salts. During fetal development, bones are softer and flexible and are composed of _____ until the hardening process begins.

Answer 50

osseous tissue; osteocytes; cartilage

Question 51

Bone-forming cells are called _____. As bone tissue develops, some of it dies and is reabsorbed by _____. Later, if a bone breaks, osteoblasts will add new mineral matter to repair the break and the osteoclasts will remove any bone debris, thereby smoothing over the break. The hardening process and development of the osteocytes is called _____. This process is largely dependent on______, ______, and ______.

Answer 51

osteoblasts; osteoclasts; ossification; calcium; phosphorus; vitamin D

Question 52

the _____ form the extremities of the body. The legs and arms include this type of bone. The longest portion of a long bone is called the shaft. The outer portion is _____, solid bone that does not bend easily. This shaft is also called the _____.

Answer 52

long bones; compact bone; diaphysis

Question 53

each end of the shaft has an area to connect to other bones by means of ligaments and muscle. These ends are called the proximal ______ and the distal epiphysis. As long bones grow, the diaphysis and the two epiphyses develop. The _____ is cartilaginous tissue that is replaced during growth years but eventually calcifies and disappears when growth has stopped.

Answer 53

epiphysis; epiphyseal plate

Question 54

the skull contains the _____ (the forehead and roof of the eye sockets), the _____ (the nasal cavity and the orbits of the eyes), the _____ (top and upper parts of the sides of the skull), and the _____ (lower part of the skull and the lower sides, including the openings for the ears).

Answer 54

frontal bone; ethmoid bone; parietal bone; temporal bone

Question 55

the back and base of the skull are covered by the _____. An opening in the occipital bone, the ____, is the structure through which the spinal cord passes.

Answer 55

occipital bone; foramen magnum

Question 56

_____ form the bridge of the nose

Answer 56

nasal bones

Question 57

the ______ or ______ is the lower jawbone and contains the sockets for the lower teeth. The mandible is the only movable bone in the face.

Answer 57

mandibular bone; mandible

Question 57

_____ hold the lacrimal gland and the canals for the tear ducts

Answer 57

lacrimal bones

Question 58

_____ form the upper jawbone and contain the sockets for the upper teeth.

Answer 58

maxillary bones

Question 59

the _____ are the seven vertebrae located in the neck.

Answer 59

cervical vertebrae

Question 60

the ______ are the 12 vertebrae that connect to the ribs

Answer 60

thoracic vertebrae

Question 61

the ______ are the 5 bones of the middle back

Answer 61

lumbar vertebrae

Question 62

the ______ is the curved bone of the lower back and consists of five separate bones at birth that fuse together in early childhood

Answer 62

sacrum

Question 63

the ______, also called the tailbone, is formed from four bones fused together

Answer 63

coccyx

Question 64

below the thoracic cavity is the pelvic area. The _____ is a large bone that forms the hips and supports the trunk of the body. It is composed of the three fused bones , including the _____, ______, and _____ (the anteroinferior portion of the hip bone). It is also the point of attachment for legs.

Answer 64

pelvic girdle; ilium; ischium; pubis

Question 65

inside the pelvic girdle is the _____. In the pelvic cavity are located the female reproductive organs, the sigmoid colon, the bladder, and the rectum. The area where the two pubic bones join is called the _____.

Answer 65

pelvic cavity; pubic symphysis

Question 66

the major bone at the base of the trunk is the _____.

Answer 66

pelvis

Question 67

the _____ is the thigh bone. The femur is the longest bone in the body. It meets the two bones of the lower leg, the _____ (also called the _____) and _____, at the kneecap or ______.

Answer 67

femur; tibia; shin; fibula; patella

Question 68

joints are also called _____, points where bones connect.

Answer 68

articulations

Question 69

bones are connected to other bones with _____, bands of fibrous tissue. _____ are bands of fibrous tissue that connect muscles to bones. Movement takes place at the joints using the muscles, ligaments, and tendons.

Answer 69

ligaments; tendons

Question 70

_____ are covered with a _____, which secretes _____, a joint lubricant that helps the joint move easily. The hip joint is an example of a synovial joint. Some spaces between tendons and joints have a _____, a sac lined with a synovial membrane. Bursae help the hands and feet to move by decreasing friction.

Answer 70

synovial joints; synovial membrane; synovial fluid; bursa

Question 71

what are the three types of muscle?

Answer 71

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

Question 72

pull movements is contracting the ______ and relaxing the ______.

Answer 72

biceps brachii; triceps brachii

Question 73

push movements are contracting the _____ and relaxing the _____.

Answer 73

triceps brachii; biceps brachii

Question 74

The _____ or _____ muscles can be contracted at will. These muscles are called skeletal muscles as they are responsible for the movement of all skeletal bones.

Answer 74

voluntary; striated

Question 75

the _____ (also called _____ or _____ muscles) control movement that is not controlled voluntarily, such as respiration, urination, and digestion. Involuntart muscles move the internal organs and systems, such as the digestive system and the blood. _____, which controls the concentrations of the heart, is the only involuntary muscle that is also striated.

Answer 75

involuntary muscles; smooth muscles; visceral; cardiac muscle

Question 76

most muscles are covered by _____, a nad of connective tissue that supports and covers the muscle.

Answer 76

fascia

Question 77

the bending of a limb

Answer 77

flexion

Question 78

the straightening of a limb

Answer 78

extension

Question 79

the circular movement of a part, such as the neck

Answer 79

rotation

Question 80

movement away from the body

Answer 80

abduction

Question 81

movement toward the body

Answer 81

adduction

Question 82

a turning up, as of the hand

Answer 82

supination

Question 83

a turning down, as of the hand

Answer 83

pronation

Question 84

moving the sole of the foot outward

Answer 84

eversion

Question 85

moving the sole of the foot inward

Answer 85

inversion

Question 86

a bending up, as of the ankle

Answer 86

dorsiflexion

Question 87

a bending down, as of the ankle

Answer 87

plantar flexion

Question 88

fixation of a joint in a bent position, usually resulting from the disease, is _____osis.

Answer 88

ankyl-

Question 89

_____gram is an x-ray of a joint

Answer 89

arthro-

Question 90

an incision into the skull is a _____tomy.

Answer 90

cranio-

Question 91

_____cephalic: related to both the arm and the head.

Answer 91

brachio-

Question 92

inflammation of a bursa is _____itis.

Answer 92

burs-

Question 93

_____dynia is neck pain.

Answer 93

cervico-

Question 94

surgical repair of cartilage is _____plasty.

Answer 94

chondro-

Question 95

_____oma is a benign tumor in fibrous tissue.

Answer 95

fibr-

Question 96

_____scapular relates to both the humerus and the scapula.

Answer 96

humero-

Question 97

relating to the ilium and the femur is _____ femoral.

Answer 97

ilio-femoral

Question 98

_____dynia is pain in the ischium

Answer 98

ischio-

Question 99

______ facial pertains to the jaws and face

Answer 99

maxillo-

Question 100

excision of a metacarpal is a ______ectomy.

Answer 100

metacarp-

Question 101

a cyst that develops in bone marrow is a _____cyst.

Answer 101

myelo-

Question 102

arthritis characterized by erosion of cartilage and bone as well as joint pain is _____ arthritis.

Answer 102

osteo-

Question 103

_____ectomy is excision of the patella.

Answer 103

patell-

Question 104

_____dynia is sternum pain.

Answer 104

sterno-

Question 105

inflammation of a synovial joint is _____itis.

Answer 105

synov-

Question 106

_____arterial relates to a vertebral artery or to a vertebra and an artery.

Answer 106

vertebro-

Question 107

the musculoskeletal system is often the site of pain caused by condtions in the system itself or by symptoms of other systemic conditions. Specialists in the musculoskeletal system include _____ or _____, physicians who treat disorders of the musculoskeletal system; _____, physicians who combine manipulative procedure with conventional treatment; _____, physicians who treat disorders of the joints specifically, and of the musculoskeletal system generally; _____, medical specialists who treat disorders of the foot; and _____, health care professionals who manipulate the spine to treat certain ailments.

Answer 107

orthopedists; orthopedic surgeon; osteopaths; rheumatologists; podiatrists; chiropractors

Question 108

Diagnosing bone and muscle ailments often involves taking x-rays, scans, or radiographs or performing internal examinations to determine if an abnormality is present. _____ is the examination of joints using radiography (x-rays). _____ is the internal examination of a joint using a lighted instrument capable of directly viewing, cutting, irrigating, obtaining biopsy material, and more, through a small incision.

Answer 108

arthrography; arthroscopy

Question 109

_____ is the examination of disks by injecting a contrast medium into the spine and using radiography. Computed tomography (CT) scans can reveal joint, bone, or CT tissue disease. _____ is the use of radiography of the spinal cord to identify spinal cord conditions. An _____ is a graphic image of the electrical activity of muscles. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to detect disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially of soft tissue. A _____ is used to detect tumors.

Answer 109

diskography; myelography; electromyogram; bone scan

Question 110

laboratory tests measure the levels of substances found in some musculoskeletal disorders. Rheumatoid arthritis may be confirmed by a _____. High levels of _____ appear in some disorders such as a skeletal injury. The measurement of _____ and _____ in the blood indicates the body’s incorporation of those substances in the bones. A _____ can detect gout.

Answer 110

rheumatoid factor test serum; creatine phosphokinase (CPK); serum calcium; serum phosphorus; uric acid test

Question 111

tests for range of motion (ROM) in certain joints can indicate movement or joint disorders. A ______ is used to measure motion in the joints. A _____ uses light and x-ray images to measure bone density for osteoporosis, a disease that can lead to bone fractures and that is most common in postmenopausal women.

Answer 111

goniometer; densitometer

Question 112

musculoskeletal disorders arise from congenital conditions, injury, degenerative disease or other systemic disorders. With birth defects, such as _____, there is an opening in the spinal cord that may produce paralysis

Answer 112

spina bifida

Question 113

a _____, in which the center of the disk is compressed and presses on the nerves in the neural canal, can lead to _____, pain radiating down the leg from the lower back. Some diseases, such as _____, which causes deformities in the legs, may result from a vitamin D deficiency.

Answer 113

herniated disk; sciatica; rickets

Question 114

injury or truma to a ligament may cause _____. Overuse or improper use of a muscle may cause a _____. Overworking a joint may cause _____, an inflamation of a tendon. _____ may result from an injury or from a strenuous, sudden movement. A _____ is a partial dislocation. BOnes may lose their density (_____). _____, extreme resistance to stretching of a muscle, usually results from diseases of the muscle fibers or from an injury.

Answer 114

sprain; strain; tendinitis or tendonitis; dislocation; subluxation; osteoporosis; contracture

Question 115

Pain in the musculoskeletal system may appear in the bones (_____ or _____), muscles (______ or _____), or joints (_____).

Answer 115

ostealgia; osteodynia; myalgia; myodynia; arthralgia

Question 116

stiffness of the joints (_____) may be an indicator of several diseases. _____ muscles have abnormal contractions (_____) in diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

Answer 116

ankylosis; spastic; spasms

Question 117

an abnormal increase in muscle size is _____. _____ muscles are flabby in tone. _____ is abnormally reduced muscle tension and _____ (also called ______) is abnormal muscle stiffness, as seen in lockjaw. _____ is abnormal tone (tension) in a muscle.

Answer 117

hypertrophy; flaccid; hypotonia; rigor; rigidity; dystonia

Question 118

a painfully long muscle contraction is _____. Shaking (_____) appears in a number of diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. Some muscles _____ (shrink) as a result of disuse or specific diseases such as ______, a progressive, degenerative disorder affecting skeletal muscles. A muscle inflammation is ______.

Answer 118

tetany; tremor; atrophy; muscular dystrophy; syositis

Question 119

Some bone tissue dies (_____), often as a result of loss of blood supply. The bursa may become inflamed, causing _____. Inflammation of the bursa on the side of the big toe causes a _____.

Answer 119

bony necrosis; bursitis; bunion

Question 120

A common inflammation of the joints is _____. Arthritis is a name for many different joint diseases, such as _____ or _____ (arthritis characterized by erosion of joint cartilage); _____ (a systemic disease affecting CT) ; and _____ or _____ (a disease characterized by joint _____, pain in the bog toe and other joint pains). Certain types of arthritis may cause _____ (also called _____) , noise made when affected surfaces rub together. Infections in the bone may cause.

Answer 120

arthritis; osteoarthritis; degenerative arthritis; rheumatoid arthritis; gouty arthritis; gout podagra; crepitation; crepitus; osteomyelitis

Question 121

bone marrow tumor, _____.

Answer 121

myeloma

Question 122

benign muscle tumor, _____.

Answer 122

myoma

Question 123

benign bone tumor, _____.

Answer 123

osteoma

Question 124

malignant bone tumor, _____.

Answer 124

osteosarcoma.

Question 125

some abnormal posture conditions may cause pain. These include _____ (abnormal posterior spinal curvature), _____ (anterior spinal curvature resulting in swayback), and _____ (abnormal lateral curvature of the spinal column).

Answer 125

kyphosis; lordosis; scoliosis

Question 126

in some situations (as with loss of circulation in diabetes, cancer or a limb, or severe infection), _____ of a limb may be necessary. _____ now routinely replace knees and hips when injury or degenerative disease has worn down joints. _____ can be used to repair a defect. An _____ or _____may be used to provide support and prevent movement during treatment.

Answer 126

amputation; prosthetic devices; done grafting orthosis; orthotic

Question 127

fractures are treated by _____, _____ surgical manipulation, or placement in _____. Casts and splints are considered _____, which are devices that surround a fractured body part to hold the bones in place while healing. These may be used in combination with an _____, such as a pin placed internally to hold bones together. Pins for internal fixation are usually metal or hard plastic. A pin may be placed permanently or it may be removed after the bone has healed.

Answer 127

casting; splinting; traction; external fixation devices; internal fixation device

Question 128

_____ is an incision into a bone.

Answer 128

osteotomy

Question 129

_____ is the cutting into a tendon to repair a muscle. _____ is muscle repair.

Answer 129

tenotomy; myoplasty

Question 130

_____ is joint repair. _____ is a puncture into a joint. A _____ is the removal of part or all of the synovial membrane of a joint

Answer 130

arthroplasty; arthrocentesis; synovectomy

Question 131

_____ and _____ are two types of joint fusion.
A _____ is the removal of an affected bursa.
A ______ is the removal of a bunion. This operation is usually performed on the big toe. Other types of toe repair may correct such things as hammer toe, where one or more toes are permanently flexed to one side.

Answer 131

arthrodesis; spondylosyndesis; bursectomy; bunionectomy

Question 132

some musculoskeletal surgery is done by arthroscopy. _____, or removal of part of a vertebra, may alleviate the pain of a herniated disc.

Answer 132

laminectomy

Question 133

an agent that relieves muscle stiffness is a _____.

Answer 133

muscle relaxant

Question 134

an agent that reduces inflammation without the use of steroids is a _____.

Answer 134

nonsteroidal anti-flammatory drug (NSAID)

Question 135

an agent that relieves pain by affecting the body in ways that are similar to opium is a _____.

Answer 135

narcotic

Question 136

an agent that relieves pain is an _____.

Answer 136

analgesic

Question 137

an agent that reduces inflammation is ______.

Answer 137

anti-inflammatory (corticosteroid)

Question 138

AKA

Answer 138

above the knee amputee

Question 139

AROM

Answer 139

active range of motion

Question 140

BKA

Answer 140

below the knee amputee

Question 141

C1, C2, and so on

Answer 141

first, second, and so on, cervical vertebrae

Question 142

CPK

Answer 142

creatine phosphokinase

Question 143

CTS

Answer 143

carpal tunnel syndrome

Question 144

myel/o

Answer 144

Spinal cord, bone marrow