Chapter 6- Structure and Function on the Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
ricarthr/o
joint
ankyl/o
bent, crooked
brachi/o
arm
burs/o
bursa
calcane/o
heel
calci/o
calcium
carp/o
wrist
cephal/o
head
cervic/o
neck
chondr/o
cartilage
condyl/o
knob, knuckle
cost/o
rib
crani/o
skull
dactyl/o
fingers, toes
fasci/o
fascia
femor/o
femur
fibr/o
fiber
humer/o
humerus
ili/o
ilium
ischi/o
ischium
kyph/o
hump,bent
lamino/o
lamina
leiomy/o
smooth muscle
lumb/o
lumbar
maxill/o
upper jaw
metacarp/o
metacarpal
my/o
Muscle
oste/o
bone
patell/o
knee
ped/i, ped/o
foot
pelv/o
pelvis
phalang/o
finger or toe bone
pod/o
foot
pub/o
pubes
rachi/o
spine
radi/o
forearm bone
rhabd/o
rod-shaped
rhabdomy/o
striated muscle
scapul/o
scapula
scoli/o
curved
spondyl/o
vertebra
stern/o
sternum
synov/o
synovial membrane
tars/o
tarsus
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon
thorac/o
thorax
tibi/o
tibia
uln/o
ulna
vertebr/o
vertebra
Bones are made of _____ and include a rich network of blood vessels and nerves. The cells of bone, called _____, are part of a dense network of CT. The cells themselves are surrounded by calcium salts. During fetal development, bones are softer and flexible and are composed of _____ until the hardening process begins.
osseous tissue; osteocytes; cartilage
Bone-forming cells are called _____. As bone tissue develops, some of it dies and is reabsorbed by _____. Later, if a bone breaks, osteoblasts will add new mineral matter to repair the break and the osteoclasts will remove any bone debris, thereby smoothing over the break. The hardening process and development of the osteocytes is called _____. This process is largely dependent on______, ______, and ______.
osteoblasts; osteoclasts; ossification; calcium; phosphorus; vitamin D
the _____ form the extremities of the body. The legs and arms include this type of bone. The longest portion of a long bone is called the shaft. The outer portion is _____, solid bone that does not bend easily. This shaft is also called the _____.
long bones; compact bone; diaphysis
each end of the shaft has an area to connect to other bones by means of ligaments and muscle. These ends are called the proximal ______ and the distal epiphysis. As long bones grow, the diaphysis and the two epiphyses develop. The _____ is cartilaginous tissue that is replaced during growth years but eventually calcifies and disappears when growth has stopped.
epiphysis; epiphyseal plate
the skull contains the _____ (the forehead and roof of the eye sockets), the _____ (the nasal cavity and the orbits of the eyes), the _____ (top and upper parts of the sides of the skull), and the _____ (lower part of the skull and the lower sides, including the openings for the ears).
frontal bone; ethmoid bone; parietal bone; temporal bone
the back and base of the skull are covered by the _____. An opening in the occipital bone, the ____, is the structure through which the spinal cord passes.
occipital bone; foramen magnum
_____ form the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
the ______ or ______ is the lower jawbone and contains the sockets for the lower teeth. The mandible is the only movable bone in the face.
mandibular bone; mandible
_____ hold the lacrimal gland and the canals for the tear ducts
lacrimal bones
_____ form the upper jawbone and contain the sockets for the upper teeth.
maxillary bones
the _____ are the seven vertebrae located in the neck.
cervical vertebrae
the ______ are the 12 vertebrae that connect to the ribs
thoracic vertebrae
the ______ are the 5 bones of the middle back
lumbar vertebrae
the ______ is the curved bone of the lower back and consists of five separate bones at birth that fuse together in early childhood
sacrum
the ______, also called the tailbone, is formed from four bones fused together
coccyx
below the thoracic cavity is the pelvic area. The _____ is a large bone that forms the hips and supports the trunk of the body. It is composed of the three fused bones , including the _____, ______, and _____ (the anteroinferior portion of the hip bone). It is also the point of attachment for legs.
pelvic girdle; ilium; ischium; pubis
inside the pelvic girdle is the _____. In the pelvic cavity are located the female reproductive organs, the sigmoid colon, the bladder, and the rectum. The area where the two pubic bones join is called the _____.
pelvic cavity; pubic symphysis
the major bone at the base of the trunk is the _____.
pelvis
the _____ is the thigh bone. The femur is the longest bone in the body. It meets the two bones of the lower leg, the _____ (also called the _____) and _____, at the kneecap or ______.
femur; tibia; shin; fibula; patella
joints are also called _____, points where bones connect.
articulations
bones are connected to other bones with _____, bands of fibrous tissue. _____ are bands of fibrous tissue that connect muscles to bones. Movement takes place at the joints using the muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
ligaments; tendons
_____ are covered with a _____, which secretes _____, a joint lubricant that helps the joint move easily. The hip joint is an example of a synovial joint. Some spaces between tendons and joints have a _____, a sac lined with a synovial membrane. Bursae help the hands and feet to move by decreasing friction.
synovial joints; synovial membrane; synovial fluid; bursa
what are the three types of muscle?
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
pull movements is contracting the ______ and relaxing the ______.
biceps brachii; triceps brachii
push movements are contracting the _____ and relaxing the _____.
triceps brachii; biceps brachii
The _____ or _____ muscles can be contracted at will. These muscles are called skeletal muscles as they are responsible for the movement of all skeletal bones.
voluntary; striated
the _____ (also called _____ or _____ muscles) control movement that is not controlled voluntarily, such as respiration, urination, and digestion. Involuntart muscles move the internal organs and systems, such as the digestive system and the blood. _____, which controls the concentrations of the heart, is the only involuntary muscle that is also striated.
involuntary muscles; smooth muscles; visceral; cardiac muscle
most muscles are covered by _____, a nad of connective tissue that supports and covers the muscle.
fascia
the bending of a limb
flexion
the straightening of a limb
extension
the circular movement of a part, such as the neck
rotation
movement away from the body
abduction
movement toward the body
adduction
a turning up, as of the hand
supination
a turning down, as of the hand
pronation
moving the sole of the foot outward
eversion
moving the sole of the foot inward
inversion
a bending up, as of the ankle
dorsiflexion
a bending down, as of the ankle
plantar flexion
fixation of a joint in a bent position, usually resulting from the disease, is _____osis.
ankyl-
_____gram is an x-ray of a joint
arthro-
an incision into the skull is a _____tomy.
cranio-
_____cephalic: related to both the arm and the head.
brachio-
inflammation of a bursa is _____itis.
burs-
_____dynia is neck pain.
cervico-
surgical repair of cartilage is _____plasty.
chondro-
_____oma is a benign tumor in fibrous tissue.
fibr-
_____scapular relates to both the humerus and the scapula.
humero-
relating to the ilium and the femur is _____ femoral.
ilio-femoral
_____dynia is pain in the ischium
ischio-
______ facial pertains to the jaws and face
maxillo-
excision of a metacarpal is a ______ectomy.
metacarp-
a cyst that develops in bone marrow is a _____cyst.
myelo-
arthritis characterized by erosion of cartilage and bone as well as joint pain is _____ arthritis.
osteo-
_____ectomy is excision of the patella.
patell-
_____dynia is sternum pain.
sterno-
inflammation of a synovial joint is _____itis.
synov-
_____arterial relates to a vertebral artery or to a vertebra and an artery.
vertebro-
the musculoskeletal system is often the site of pain caused by condtions in the system itself or by symptoms of other systemic conditions. Specialists in the musculoskeletal system include _____ or _____, physicians who treat disorders of the musculoskeletal system; _____, physicians who combine manipulative procedure with conventional treatment; _____, physicians who treat disorders of the joints specifically, and of the musculoskeletal system generally; _____, medical specialists who treat disorders of the foot; and _____, health care professionals who manipulate the spine to treat certain ailments.
orthopedists; orthopedic surgeon; osteopaths; rheumatologists; podiatrists; chiropractors
Diagnosing bone and muscle ailments often involves taking x-rays, scans, or radiographs or performing internal examinations to determine if an abnormality is present. _____ is the examination of joints using radiography (x-rays). _____ is the internal examination of a joint using a lighted instrument capable of directly viewing, cutting, irrigating, obtaining biopsy material, and more, through a small incision.
arthrography; arthroscopy
_____ is the examination of disks by injecting a contrast medium into the spine and using radiography. Computed tomography (CT) scans can reveal joint, bone, or CT tissue disease. _____ is the use of radiography of the spinal cord to identify spinal cord conditions. An _____ is a graphic image of the electrical activity of muscles. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to detect disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially of soft tissue. A _____ is used to detect tumors.
diskography; myelography; electromyogram; bone scan
laboratory tests measure the levels of substances found in some musculoskeletal disorders. Rheumatoid arthritis may be confirmed by a _____. High levels of _____ appear in some disorders such as a skeletal injury. The measurement of _____ and _____ in the blood indicates the body’s incorporation of those substances in the bones. A _____ can detect gout.
rheumatoid factor test serum; creatine phosphokinase (CPK); serum calcium; serum phosphorus; uric acid test
tests for range of motion (ROM) in certain joints can indicate movement or joint disorders. A ______ is used to measure motion in the joints. A _____ uses light and x-ray images to measure bone density for osteoporosis, a disease that can lead to bone fractures and that is most common in postmenopausal women.
goniometer; densitometer
musculoskeletal disorders arise from congenital conditions, injury, degenerative disease or other systemic disorders. With birth defects, such as _____, there is an opening in the spinal cord that may produce paralysis
spina bifida
a _____, in which the center of the disk is compressed and presses on the nerves in the neural canal, can lead to _____, pain radiating down the leg from the lower back. Some diseases, such as _____, which causes deformities in the legs, may result from a vitamin D deficiency.
herniated disk; sciatica; rickets
injury or truma to a ligament may cause _____. Overuse or improper use of a muscle may cause a _____. Overworking a joint may cause _____, an inflamation of a tendon. _____ may result from an injury or from a strenuous, sudden movement. A _____ is a partial dislocation. BOnes may lose their density (_____). _____, extreme resistance to stretching of a muscle, usually results from diseases of the muscle fibers or from an injury.
sprain; strain; tendinitis or tendonitis; dislocation; subluxation; osteoporosis; contracture
Pain in the musculoskeletal system may appear in the bones (_____ or _____), muscles (______ or _____), or joints (_____).
ostealgia; osteodynia; myalgia; myodynia; arthralgia
stiffness of the joints (_____) may be an indicator of several diseases. _____ muscles have abnormal contractions (_____) in diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
ankylosis; spastic; spasms
an abnormal increase in muscle size is _____. _____ muscles are flabby in tone. _____ is abnormally reduced muscle tension and _____ (also called ______) is abnormal muscle stiffness, as seen in lockjaw. _____ is abnormal tone (tension) in a muscle.
hypertrophy; flaccid; hypotonia; rigor; rigidity; dystonia
a painfully long muscle contraction is _____. Shaking (_____) appears in a number of diseases such as Parkinson’s disease. Some muscles _____ (shrink) as a result of disuse or specific diseases such as ______, a progressive, degenerative disorder affecting skeletal muscles. A muscle inflammation is ______.
tetany; tremor; atrophy; muscular dystrophy; syositis
Some bone tissue dies (_____), often as a result of loss of blood supply. The bursa may become inflamed, causing _____. Inflammation of the bursa on the side of the big toe causes a _____.
bony necrosis; bursitis; bunion
A common inflammation of the joints is _____. Arthritis is a name for many different joint diseases, such as _____ or _____ (arthritis characterized by erosion of joint cartilage); _____ (a systemic disease affecting CT) ; and _____ or _____ (a disease characterized by joint _____, pain in the bog toe and other joint pains). Certain types of arthritis may cause _____ (also called _____) , noise made when affected surfaces rub together. Infections in the bone may cause.
arthritis; osteoarthritis; degenerative arthritis; rheumatoid arthritis; gouty arthritis; gout podagra; crepitation; crepitus; osteomyelitis
bone marrow tumor, _____.
myeloma
benign muscle tumor, _____.
myoma
benign bone tumor, _____.
osteoma
malignant bone tumor, _____.
osteosarcoma.
some abnormal posture conditions may cause pain. These include _____ (abnormal posterior spinal curvature), _____ (anterior spinal curvature resulting in swayback), and _____ (abnormal lateral curvature of the spinal column).
kyphosis; lordosis; scoliosis
in some situations (as with loss of circulation in diabetes, cancer or a limb, or severe infection), _____ of a limb may be necessary. _____ now routinely replace knees and hips when injury or degenerative disease has worn down joints. _____ can be used to repair a defect. An _____ or _____may be used to provide support and prevent movement during treatment.
amputation; prosthetic devices; done grafting orthosis; orthotic
fractures are treated by _____, _____ surgical manipulation, or placement in _____. Casts and splints are considered _____, which are devices that surround a fractured body part to hold the bones in place while healing. These may be used in combination with an _____, such as a pin placed internally to hold bones together. Pins for internal fixation are usually metal or hard plastic. A pin may be placed permanently or it may be removed after the bone has healed.
casting; splinting; traction; external fixation devices; internal fixation device
_____ is an incision into a bone.
osteotomy
_____ is the cutting into a tendon to repair a muscle. _____ is muscle repair.
tenotomy; myoplasty
_____ is joint repair. _____ is a puncture into a joint. A _____ is the removal of part or all of the synovial membrane of a joint
arthroplasty; arthrocentesis; synovectomy
_____ and _____ are two types of joint fusion.
A _____ is the removal of an affected bursa.
A ______ is the removal of a bunion. This operation is usually performed on the big toe. Other types of toe repair may correct such things as hammer toe, where one or more toes are permanently flexed to one side.
arthrodesis; spondylosyndesis; bursectomy; bunionectomy
some musculoskeletal surgery is done by arthroscopy. _____, or removal of part of a vertebra, may alleviate the pain of a herniated disc.
laminectomy
an agent that relieves muscle stiffness is a _____.
muscle relaxant
an agent that reduces inflammation without the use of steroids is a _____.
nonsteroidal anti-flammatory drug (NSAID)
an agent that relieves pain by affecting the body in ways that are similar to opium is a _____.
narcotic
an agent that relieves pain is an _____.
analgesic
an agent that reduces inflammation is ______.
anti-inflammatory (corticosteroid)
AKA
above the knee amputee
AROM
active range of motion
BKA
below the knee amputee
C1, C2, and so on
first, second, and so on, cervical vertebrae
CPK
creatine phosphokinase
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
myel/o
Spinal cord, bone marrow
