Chapter 13: Structure and Function of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems Flashcards
the _____ and _____ systems share some of the same structures and functions.
lymphatic; immune
both the lymphatic and immune systems contain _____ ____, ____, ____ ____, and some of the disease-fighting ____ ____.
lymph nodes; spleen, thymus gland; immune cells
the lymphatic system reduces ____ ____ by _____ fluid from capillary beds
tissue edema; removing
the lymphatic system returns the ____ from the fluids to the _____.
proteins; blood
the lymphatic system traps and filters ____ ____, such as cancer cells and microbes, with the help of cells called _____
cellular debris; macrophagesq
the lymphatic system recycles ____ ____ to various parts of the body.
body fluid
the lymphatic system circulates ____ to assist with the immune response.
lymphocytes
the lymphatic system moves fats from the ____ ____ to the blood.
GI tract
the immune system protects the body against ____ ____ invasion.
foreign body
the immune system coordinates activities in the _____ , ____ ____, and the ____ ____ to protect the body from foreign body invasion.
blood; body tissues; lymphatic system
the immune system fights off ______ and protects against future _____ by producing a variety of immune responses.
infections
the immune system produces _____ (immunoglobulins).
antibodies
the lymphatic system is similar to both the _____ and _____ systems in that it involves a network of vessels that transport fluid around the body.
cardiovascular and blood
once plasma leaves the vascular system it is known as ____ ____
interstitial fluid
____ ____ provides nutrients and performs other functions in the exchange of fluids and from the cells.
interstitial fluid
fluid that contains white blood cells and other substances and flows in the lymphatic vessels.
lymph
the ____ ____ are thin-walled vessels that receive fluid and debris from the bloodstream.
microscopic capillaries
specialized organs that filter harmful substances from the tissues and assists in the immune response.
lymph nodes
organ of the lymph system that filters and stores blood, removes old red blood cells and activates lymphocytes. Also filters foreign material from the blood, store blood, remove damaged or old red blood cells, and activate lymphocytes that destroy some of the foreign substances filtered from the blood.
spleen
a soft gland with two lobes that is involved in immune responses; located in mediastinum.
thymus gland
specialized white blood cells that receive markers in the thymus are responsible for cellular immunity and assist with hormonal immunity.
T cells
a kind of lymphocyte that manufactures antibodies.
B lymphocytes
hormone secreted by the thymus gland that aids indistrubution of thymocytes (T lymphocytes) and lymphocytes
thymosin
aden/o
gland
immun/o
immunity
lymph/o
lymph
lymphaden/o
lymph nodes
lymphangi/o
lymphatic vessels
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus
tox/o, toxi-, toxico-
poison
the immune system relies on the ____ ____ (RES), ____ system, ____ ____ system (or phagocytic system), and lymphoid system play a significant role in the functions of the immune system.
reticuloendothelial system; hematopoietic; mononuclear phagocytic;
hematopoietic system is responsible for the production of the blood cells in the ____ ____.
bone marrow
the leukocytes include ____, monocytes, and granulocytes.
lymphocytes
The RES and phagocytic systems provide the phagocytes of the tissues and the phagocytes of the blood that are called ____ and ____.
macrophages; microphages
Phagocytes remove foreign particles from the body by the process of _____, the internalization or “eating” of the particles and the digestion of the particles for presentation to the appropriate cells of the immune system.
phagocytosis
the B cells are responsible for the production of _____ (also called immunoglobulins), that is, the humoral response.
antibodies
when disease-causing agents, _____, try to enter the body they often are stopped by the skin, the cilia in the nostrils, and various mucous membranes.
pathogens
in the bloodstream, certain substances called ____ may provoke an immune response to certain diseases.
antigens
____ ____ is the human body’s natural resistance to certain diseases.
natural immunity
the body develops ____ ____ ____ either by having a disease and producing natural antibodies to it or by being vaccinated against the disease.
acquired active immunity
____ ____ or ____ is the injection of an ____, a substance that provokes an immune response from an organism that causes active immunity via the production of antibodies. This substance is called
immunity immunization; vaccination; antigen; vaccine
acquired active immunity is further divided into two types. the first ____ ____, is immunity provided by ____ ____, which produce antibodies called _____.
humoral immunity; plasma cells; immunoglobulins
immunoglobulin __ (IgG) is effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
G
immunoglobulin ___ (IgA) is common in exocrine gland secretions, such as breast milk, tears, nasal fluid, and gastric juice. Also transfers immunity from mother to infant through breast milk.
A
immunoglobulin ___ (IgM) develops in the blood plasma in response to certain antigens within the body or from foreign sources. It is the first antibody to be produced after infection.
M
immunoglobulin ___ (IgD) is important in B-cell activation, which helps immunity by transforming itself into a plasma cell in the presence of a specific type of antigen.
D
immunoglobulin ___ (IgE) appears in glandular secretions and is associated with allergic reactions.
E
the second type of acquired active immunity, or ____-____ ____ , is provided by the action of T cells.
cell-mediated immunity
the T cells respond to antigens rapidly and producing proteins called lymphokines (____ and _____) that have antiviral properties that affect the actions of other cells.
interferons; interleukins
____ ____ or CD4 cells that stimulate the immune response.
helper cells
____ ____ or CD8 cells that help in the destruction of infected cells.
cytotoxic cells
____ ____ or T cells (mainly CD8 and some CD4) that suppress B cells and other immune cells.
suppressor cells
___ ___ ___ is immunity provided in the form of antibodies or antitoxins that have been developed in another person or another species.
acquired passive immunity
a dose of ____ (antibody directed against specific toxins) is given to provide antibodies.
antitoxins
____ ____ is a preparation of collected antibodies given to prevent or lessen certain diseases, such as hepatitis A, varicella, and rabies
gamma globulins
_____ectomy is removal of the spleen.
splen-
an agent that suppresses the immune response is an ____suppressor.
immuno-
inflammation of the lymphatic vessels is ____itis.
lymphang-
glandular cancer is ____carcinoma.
adeno-
a _____cyte is a white blood cell associated with the immune response.
lympho-
systemic poisoning is ____cosis.
toxi-
_____pathy is disease affecting the lymph nodes.
lymphadeno-
removal of the thymus is a ____ectomy
thym-
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is diagnosed mainly with two blood serum tests: ____- ____ _____ ____ (ELISA) and ____ ____ (EIA).
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Western blot
an _____ is an immune over response to a stimulus.
allergy
the most widespread virus that attacks the immune system is the ____ ____ ____ (HIV), a virus spread by sexual contact, exchange of bodily fluids, or intravenous exposure.
human immunodeficiency virus
_____ or ____ ____ ____ is the most widespread ____ ____, a disease that suppresses the ability of the immune system to defend against infection.
AIDS; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; immunosuppressive disease
AIDS is a complex of symptoms caused by HIV, which is a type of _____, a ribonucleic acid (RNA) that causes reversal cell copying.
retrovirus
AIDS patients are subject to a number of ____ ____, infections that a healthy immune system can easily fight off but that take hold because of the lowered immune response.
opportunistic infections
an infection of malignancy arising from capillary linings. Can affect the skin and lymph nodes.
Kaposi sarcoma
_____, cancer of the lymph nodes, is a relatively common cancer with high cure rates.
lymphoma
Two of the most common are ____ ____ (____ ____), a type of lymph cancer of uncertain origin that generally appears in early adulthood, and _____, a cancer of the lymph nodes with some cells resembling healthy cells and spreading in a diffuse pattern.
hodgkin’s disease; non-hodgkin lymphoma
depending on how far the disease has spread (_____), both types can be arrested with chemotherapy and radiation.
metastasis
a tumor of the thymus gland.
thymoma
enlarged spleen
splenomegaly
overactive spleen
hypersplenism
resemblance of large lymphocytes.
lymphocytic lymphoma
large macrophages also known as ____ ____.
histiocytic lymphoma
nonmalignant lesions on the lymph nodes, lungs, spleen, skin and liver can indicate the presence of _____, an inflammatory condition that can affect lung function.
sarcoidosis
swollen lymph nodes
lymphadenopathy
lymphadenopathy can indicate the presence of ___ ___, an acute infectious disease caused by the epstein Barr virus.
infectious mononucleosis
they are due to the productionf IgE antibodies against an _____, an allergy-causing substance.
allergen
_____ increases as exposure increases, sometimes resulting in _____ (or anaphylactic reaction or shock, a reaction so severe that it can be life-threatening. decreasing BP, breathing, loss of consciousness.
hypersensitivity; anaphylaxis
_____ ______, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and scleroderma, result from the proliferation of T cells that react as though they were fighting a virus, but they are actually destroying healthy cells.
autoimmune disease
____ ____ often result from the body’s need to fight an actual infection, during which the immune system becomes overactive.
autoimmune responses
cancers of the lym system may require a ___ ___ ___, removal of cancerous lymph nodes for microscopic examination.
lymph node dissection
_____ is the removal of a lymph node.
lymphadenectomy
_____ is an incision into a lymph node.
lymphadenectomy
_____ is a removal of the spleen, which is usually required if it is ruptured
splenectomy
_____ is removal of the thymus gland
thymectomy
antibiotic
AB
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
AIDS
enzyme immunoassy
EIA
enzyme-linked immunodeficiency virus
ELISA
human immunodeficiency virus
HIV
immunoglobulin
Ig
PCP
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
polymorphonucleated cells
PMN
reticuloendothelial system
RES
