Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Urinary System Flashcards
what organs is the urinary system composed of…. (5 organs)
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
the kidneys also assist in regulation of blood pressure through the production of _____, produce _____ for erythrocyte production, produce prostaglandins, and help metabolize vitamin D.
renin; erythropoietin
two _____, organs that remove dissolved waste and other substances from the blood and urine.
kidneys
two _____, tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
ureters
the _____, the organ that stores urine.
bladder
the _____, a tubular structure that transports urine through the _____, the external opening of a canal, to the outside of the body.
urethra; meatus
cali/o, calic/o
calyx
cyst/o
bladder, especially the urinary bladder
glomerul/o
glomerulus
meat/o
meatus
nephr/o
kidney
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ren/o
kidney
trigon/o
trigone
ur/o, urin/o
urine
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
-uria
of urine
vesic/o
bladder, generally used when describing something in relation to a bladder
the kidneys are located in the _____ (posterior to the peritoneum) space behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column.
retroperitoneal
the kidneys have two functions, to form urine for _____ and to retain essential substances the body need in the process called _____.
excretion; reabsorption
urine is produced by _____ of water, salts,sugars, ______, and other nitrogenous waste materials such as _____ (and its component of _____) and ____ ____.
filtration; urea; creatine; creatinine; uric acid
the kidneys have an outer protective portion, the _____, and an inner soft portion, the ______ (a term used for the inner, soft portion of any organ). In the middle of the concave side of the kidney is depression, the _____, through which the blood vessels, the nerves, and the ureters enter and exit the kidney.
cortex; medulla; hilum
the functional unit of the kidney is the _____.
nephron
the nephron removes waste products from the blood and produces _____.
urine
blood enters each kidney through the _____ _____ and leaves through the _____ _____.
renal artery; renal vein
once inside the kidney, the renal artery branches off into smaller arteries called _____.
arterioles
each arteriole leads into a nephron. Each nephron contains a _____ _____ made up of a group of capillaries called a _____(pl. _____).
renal corpuscle; glomerulus; glomeruli
where in the kidney is urine first formed?
glomerulus
if the blood flow in the kindney is decreased the kidney automatically produces _____, a substance that causes an increase in the blood pressure to maintain the filtration rate of blood.
renin
the wall of each glomerulus is thin enough to allow water, salts, sugars, urea, and certain wastes to pass through. Each glomerulus is surrounded by a capsule, _____ _____, where this fluid collects.
Bowman’s capsule
Urine travels to the _____ ______, a collecting area in the center of the kidney.
renal pelvis
the renal pelvis contains small cuplike structures called _____ (also spelled _____; singular ______) that collect urine.
calices; calyces; calyx
the _____ transports urine to the ____ ____.
ureters; urinary bladder
the ____ ____ is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine until ready to be excreted from the body.
urinary bladder
the base of the bladder contains a triangular area, the _____ , where the ureters enter the bladder and the urethra exits it.
trigone
the _____ and ejaculatory duct meet at the ____ ____.
urethra; prostate gland
inflammation of the trigone of the bladder ____itis.
trigon-
incision of the urethral meatus, especially to enlarge it, is _____tomy.
meato-
inflammation of the bladder is ______itis.
cyst-
abnormal discharge from the urethra is _____rrhea.
urethro-
inflammation of the kidney is _____itis.
nephr-
______plasty is surgical reconstruction of a calix.
calio-
lack of urine formation is an _____.
an-
excess urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood is _____emia.
ur-
_____plasty is surgical repair of the renal pelvis.
glomerul-
_____ is the examination of urine for its physical, chemical, microscopic properties.
urinalysis
a ____ ____ is _____ (left in the bladder) and is held in place by a balloon inflated into the bladder.
foley catheter; indewelling
a ____ ____ (also called a texas catheter, etc.) consists of a rubber sheath placed over the penis with tubing connected to a drainage or leg bag where the urine collects.
condom catheter
what are the three phases of complete urinalysis?
macroscopic/physical phase, chemical phase, and microscopic phase
during the first phase of urinalysis, the color, turbidity (cloudiness caused by suspended sediment), and ____ _____ (ratio of density of a substance) of urine give certain diagnostic clues.
specific gravity
the second phase of urinalysis, which determines the types of chemicals present in the urine. It also determines the _____ range of urine.
pH
the third phase of urinalysis, during which urine sediment is examined for solids (including cellular material) or ______, which are formed when protein accumulates in the urine.
casts
the presence of high quantities of ______ usually occurs in diabetes.
acetone__
___ in the urine may indicate starvation or diabetes.
ketones
the presence of serum protein _____ in urine may indicate a leakage of blood proteins through the renal tubules, an indicator of nephron disease.
albumin
_____ in the urine usually indicates diabetes.
glucose
______ in the urine is abnormal and indicates one of several conditions, such as rickets.
calcium
_____ in the urine indicates liver disease, such as obstructive disease of the biliary tract or liver cancer
bilirubin
_____ _____: various tests are used to visually diagnose stones, growths, obstructions, and abnormalities in the urinary system.
imaging tests
_____ is the insertion of a tubular instrument (a _____) to examine the bladder with a light.
cystoscopy; cystoscope
an _____ _____ (IVP and an _____ _____ are x-rays of the urinary tract after a contrast medium is injected into the bloodstream.
intravenous pyelogram; intravenous urogram
a ______ is an x-ray of three parts of the urinary tract.
kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB)
a ____ ____ is an x-ray of the renal artery after a contrast medium has been injected into the artery.
renal angiogram
a _____ ____ is an x-ray of the kidney, bladder, and ureters taken after a cystoscope is used to introduce a contrast medium.
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
a _____ is an x-ray taken during urinatim to examine flow of urine through the system.
voiding cystogram (VCG), voiding, (urinating), cystourethrogram (VCUG)
an ____ ____ is the production of an image of the urinary tract using sound waves.
abdominal sonogram
radioactive imaging is also used to diagnose kidney disorders via a renal scan. A _____ is used to study kidney function.
renogram
certain procedures, particularly _____, can mechanically maintain kidney or renal function when kidney failure occurs.
dialysis
_____ is the process of filtering blood outside the body in an artificial kidney machine and returning it to the body after filtering.
hemodialysis
_____ _____ is the insertion and removal of dialysis solution into the peritoneal cavity.
peritoneal dialysis
_____ is the breaking up of urinary stones by using shock waves from outside the body.
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
a ____ ____ ____ (UTI) commonly refers to a bladder or urethra infection.
urinary tract infection
_____ is the general term for inflammation of the kidney.
nephritis
_____ refers to a kidney inflammation located in the glomeruli.
glomerulonephritis
this inflammation, known as _____ ____, can be acute, as after a systemic infection, or may become chronic, resulting in high blood pressure, kidney failure, and other conditions.
bright disease
____ ____ is an inflammation of the CT between the renal tubules.
interstitial nephritis
_____ is an inflammation of the renal pelvis.
pyelitis
_____ is a bacterial infection in the renal pelvis with abscesses.
pyelonephritis
_____, or nephrotic syndrome, is a group of symptoms usually following or related to another illness that causes protein loss in the urine (_____).
nephrosis; proteinuria
_____ (swelling) may result from this nephrosis.
edema
_____ is the collection of urine in the kidneys without release due to a blockage.
hydronephrosis
____ ____ ____ is a progressive, hereditary condition in which numerous kidney cysts form that can cause other conditions in adults, such as high BP and excess blood and waste in the urine.
polycystic kidney disease
_____ ( _____) _____, the loss of kidney function, may result from other conditions – some chronic, such as diabetes, and some acute, such as a kidney infection.
kidney (renal) failure
_____ and _____, excesses of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood may result from kidney failure.
uremia; azotemia
_____ is severe and fatal if not treated.
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
_____, or a _____, is a malignant tumor of the kidneys found primarily in children. it is usually treated with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.
Wilms’ tumor; nephroblastoma
a _____ is any renal tumor.
nephroma
_____ is an inflammation of the bladder.
cystitis
the bladder may be the site of ____ ____ ____. Various tumors can be removed or treated.
bladder cancer
other bladder problems include a _____ a hernia of the bladder, and a _____, a stone in the bladder
cystocele; cystolith
such difficulties can include no urine output (_____)
anuria
painful urination
dysuria
lack of bladder control
enuresis
nighttime bed-wetting
nocturia
scanty urination
oliguria
excessive urination
polyuria
the. general term ______ refers to the involuntary discharge of urine or feces.
incontinence
_____ or _____ indicates the presence of albumin in the urine
albuminuria
_____ indicates the presence of blood in the urine.
proteinuria
_____ indicates the presence of ketone bodies in the urine.
ketonuria
_____ indicates the presence of pus and white blood cells in the urine.
pyuria
_____ (narrowing) of the ureters or urethra also may be present at birth
atresia
_____ is the practice of medicine specializing in the urinary tract.
urology
a person can live with only one kidney, so a diseased kidney may be removed in a _____.
nephrectomy
other surgical procedures on the kidney include _____, the removal of adhesions in the kidney
nephrolysis
_____ the creation of an opening in the kidney leading to the outside of the body.
nephrostomy
surgical removal of a kidney stone
nephrolithotomy
surgically affixing a floating kidney in place.
nephropexy
suturing of a damaged kidney
nephrorrhaphy
an incision into the renal pelvis
pyelotomy
surgical repair of the renal pelvis
pyeloplasty
surgical repair of a ureter
ureteroplasty
suture of a damaged ureter
ureterorrhaphy
surgical removal of a diseased ureter
ureterectomy
removal of kidney stones
lithotomy or lithectomy
removal of the bladder
cystectomy
surgical fixing of the bladder to the abdominal wall
cystopexy
surgical repair of the bladder
cystoplasty
suturing of a damaged bladder
cystorrhaphy
surgical repair of the urethra
urethroplasty
surgical fixation of the urethra
urethropexy
suturing of the urethra
urethrorrhaphy
surgical creation of an opening between the urethra and the skin
urethrostomy
surgical enlargement of the opening of the meatus
meatotomy
a large incision to enlarge the narrowed area of the urethra.
urethrotomy
medication that relieves spasms of the urinary tract or inhibit growth of microorganisms
antispasmodic
the increase of urine secretion
diuretics
medications to control BP related to fluid imbalances from compromised kidney function
antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors
_____ are spectrum antibacterial agents used to treat UTI bacterial infections with the urinary tract.
antibiotics
drugs that are used to treat overactive bladder
anticholinergics
acute renal failure
ARF
blood urea nitrogen
BUN
chronic renal failure
CRF
end-stage renal failure
ESRD
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
ESWL
external urinary drainage
EUD
glomerular filtration rate
GFR
genitourinary
GU
intake and output
I & O
intravenous pyelogram
IVP
kidney/ureter/bladder
KUB
retrograde pyelogram
RP
urinalysis
UA, U/A
urinary tract infection
UTI
voiding cystogram
VCG
voiding cystourethrogram
VCUG
