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Medical Terminology > Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what organs is the urinary system composed of…. (5 organs)

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

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2
Q

the kidneys also assist in regulation of blood pressure through the production of _____, produce _____ for erythrocyte production, produce prostaglandins, and help metabolize vitamin D.

A

renin; erythropoietin

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3
Q

two _____, organs that remove dissolved waste and other substances from the blood and urine.

A

kidneys

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4
Q

two _____, tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

A

ureters

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5
Q

the _____, the organ that stores urine.

A

bladder

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6
Q

the _____, a tubular structure that transports urine through the _____, the external opening of a canal, to the outside of the body.

A

urethra; meatus

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7
Q

cali/o, calic/o

A

calyx

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8
Q

cyst/o

A

bladder, especially the urinary bladder

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9
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

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10
Q

meat/o

A

meatus

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11
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

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12
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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13
Q

ren/o

A

kidney

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14
Q

trigon/o

A

trigone

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15
Q

ur/o, urin/o

A

urine

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16
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

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17
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

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18
Q

-uria

A

of urine

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19
Q

vesic/o

A

bladder, generally used when describing something in relation to a bladder

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20
Q

the kidneys are located in the _____ (posterior to the peritoneum) space behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the vertebral column.

A

retroperitoneal

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21
Q

the kidneys have two functions, to form urine for _____ and to retain essential substances the body need in the process called _____.

A

excretion; reabsorption

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22
Q

urine is produced by _____ of water, salts,sugars, ______, and other nitrogenous waste materials such as _____ (and its component of _____) and ____ ____.

A

filtration; urea; creatine; creatinine; uric acid

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23
Q

the kidneys have an outer protective portion, the _____, and an inner soft portion, the ______ (a term used for the inner, soft portion of any organ). In the middle of the concave side of the kidney is depression, the _____, through which the blood vessels, the nerves, and the ureters enter and exit the kidney.

A

cortex; medulla; hilum

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24
Q

the functional unit of the kidney is the _____.

A

nephron

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25
Q

the nephron removes waste products from the blood and produces _____.

A

urine

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26
Q

blood enters each kidney through the _____ _____ and leaves through the _____ _____.

A

renal artery; renal vein

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27
Q

once inside the kidney, the renal artery branches off into smaller arteries called _____.

A

arterioles

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28
Q

each arteriole leads into a nephron. Each nephron contains a _____ _____ made up of a group of capillaries called a _____(pl. _____).

A

renal corpuscle; glomerulus; glomeruli

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29
Q

where in the kidney is urine first formed?

A

glomerulus

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30
Q

if the blood flow in the kindney is decreased the kidney automatically produces _____, a substance that causes an increase in the blood pressure to maintain the filtration rate of blood.

A

renin

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31
Q

the wall of each glomerulus is thin enough to allow water, salts, sugars, urea, and certain wastes to pass through. Each glomerulus is surrounded by a capsule, _____ _____, where this fluid collects.

A

Bowman’s capsule

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32
Q

Urine travels to the _____ ______, a collecting area in the center of the kidney.

A

renal pelvis

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33
Q

the renal pelvis contains small cuplike structures called _____ (also spelled _____; singular ______) that collect urine.

A

calices; calyces; calyx

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34
Q

the _____ transports urine to the ____ ____.

A

ureters; urinary bladder

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35
Q

the ____ ____ is a hollow, muscular organ that stores urine until ready to be excreted from the body.

A

urinary bladder

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36
Q

the base of the bladder contains a triangular area, the _____ , where the ureters enter the bladder and the urethra exits it.

A

trigone

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37
Q

the _____ and ejaculatory duct meet at the ____ ____.

A

urethra; prostate gland

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38
Q

inflammation of the trigone of the bladder ____itis.

A

trigon-

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39
Q

incision of the urethral meatus, especially to enlarge it, is _____tomy.

A

meato-

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40
Q

inflammation of the bladder is ______itis.

A

cyst-

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41
Q

abnormal discharge from the urethra is _____rrhea.

A

urethro-

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42
Q

inflammation of the kidney is _____itis.

A

nephr-

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43
Q

______plasty is surgical reconstruction of a calix.

A

calio-

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44
Q

lack of urine formation is an _____.

A

an-

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45
Q

excess urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood is _____emia.

A

ur-

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46
Q

_____plasty is surgical repair of the renal pelvis.

A

glomerul-

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47
Q

_____ is the examination of urine for its physical, chemical, microscopic properties.

A

urinalysis

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48
Q

a ____ ____ is _____ (left in the bladder) and is held in place by a balloon inflated into the bladder.

A

foley catheter; indewelling

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49
Q

a ____ ____ (also called a texas catheter, etc.) consists of a rubber sheath placed over the penis with tubing connected to a drainage or leg bag where the urine collects.

A

condom catheter

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50
Q

what are the three phases of complete urinalysis?

A

macroscopic/physical phase, chemical phase, and microscopic phase

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51
Q

during the first phase of urinalysis, the color, turbidity (cloudiness caused by suspended sediment), and ____ _____ (ratio of density of a substance) of urine give certain diagnostic clues.

A

specific gravity

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52
Q

the second phase of urinalysis, which determines the types of chemicals present in the urine. It also determines the _____ range of urine.

A

pH

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53
Q

the third phase of urinalysis, during which urine sediment is examined for solids (including cellular material) or ______, which are formed when protein accumulates in the urine.

A

casts

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54
Q

the presence of high quantities of ______ usually occurs in diabetes.

A

acetone__

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55
Q

___ in the urine may indicate starvation or diabetes.

A

ketones

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56
Q

the presence of serum protein _____ in urine may indicate a leakage of blood proteins through the renal tubules, an indicator of nephron disease.

A

albumin

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57
Q

_____ in the urine usually indicates diabetes.

A

glucose

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58
Q

______ in the urine is abnormal and indicates one of several conditions, such as rickets.

A

calcium

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59
Q

_____ in the urine indicates liver disease, such as obstructive disease of the biliary tract or liver cancer

A

bilirubin

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60
Q

_____ _____: various tests are used to visually diagnose stones, growths, obstructions, and abnormalities in the urinary system.

A

imaging tests

61
Q

_____ is the insertion of a tubular instrument (a _____) to examine the bladder with a light.

A

cystoscopy; cystoscope

62
Q

an _____ _____ (IVP and an _____ _____ are x-rays of the urinary tract after a contrast medium is injected into the bloodstream.

A

intravenous pyelogram; intravenous urogram

63
Q

a ______ is an x-ray of three parts of the urinary tract.

A

kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB)

64
Q

a ____ ____ is an x-ray of the renal artery after a contrast medium has been injected into the artery.

A

renal angiogram

65
Q

a _____ ____ is an x-ray of the kidney, bladder, and ureters taken after a cystoscope is used to introduce a contrast medium.

A

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

66
Q

a _____ is an x-ray taken during urinatim to examine flow of urine through the system.

A

voiding cystogram (VCG), voiding, (urinating), cystourethrogram (VCUG)

67
Q

an ____ ____ is the production of an image of the urinary tract using sound waves.

A

abdominal sonogram

68
Q

radioactive imaging is also used to diagnose kidney disorders via a renal scan. A _____ is used to study kidney function.

A

renogram

69
Q

certain procedures, particularly _____, can mechanically maintain kidney or renal function when kidney failure occurs.

A

dialysis

70
Q

_____ is the process of filtering blood outside the body in an artificial kidney machine and returning it to the body after filtering.

A

hemodialysis

71
Q

_____ _____ is the insertion and removal of dialysis solution into the peritoneal cavity.

A

peritoneal dialysis

72
Q

_____ is the breaking up of urinary stones by using shock waves from outside the body.

A

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

73
Q

a ____ ____ ____ (UTI) commonly refers to a bladder or urethra infection.

A

urinary tract infection

74
Q

_____ is the general term for inflammation of the kidney.

A

nephritis

75
Q

_____ refers to a kidney inflammation located in the glomeruli.

A

glomerulonephritis

76
Q

this inflammation, known as _____ ____, can be acute, as after a systemic infection, or may become chronic, resulting in high blood pressure, kidney failure, and other conditions.

A

bright disease

77
Q

____ ____ is an inflammation of the CT between the renal tubules.

A

interstitial nephritis

78
Q

_____ is an inflammation of the renal pelvis.

A

pyelitis

79
Q

_____ is a bacterial infection in the renal pelvis with abscesses.

A

pyelonephritis

80
Q

_____, or nephrotic syndrome, is a group of symptoms usually following or related to another illness that causes protein loss in the urine (_____).

A

nephrosis; proteinuria

81
Q

_____ (swelling) may result from this nephrosis.

A

edema

82
Q

_____ is the collection of urine in the kidneys without release due to a blockage.

A

hydronephrosis

83
Q

____ ____ ____ is a progressive, hereditary condition in which numerous kidney cysts form that can cause other conditions in adults, such as high BP and excess blood and waste in the urine.

A

polycystic kidney disease

84
Q

_____ ( _____) _____, the loss of kidney function, may result from other conditions – some chronic, such as diabetes, and some acute, such as a kidney infection.

A

kidney (renal) failure

85
Q

_____ and _____, excesses of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood may result from kidney failure.

A

uremia; azotemia

86
Q

_____ is severe and fatal if not treated.

A

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

87
Q

_____, or a _____, is a malignant tumor of the kidneys found primarily in children. it is usually treated with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

A

Wilms’ tumor; nephroblastoma

88
Q

a _____ is any renal tumor.

A

nephroma

89
Q

_____ is an inflammation of the bladder.

A

cystitis

90
Q

the bladder may be the site of ____ ____ ____. Various tumors can be removed or treated.

A

bladder cancer

91
Q

other bladder problems include a _____ a hernia of the bladder, and a _____, a stone in the bladder

A

cystocele; cystolith

92
Q

such difficulties can include no urine output (_____)

A

anuria

93
Q

painful urination

A

dysuria

94
Q

lack of bladder control

A

enuresis

95
Q

nighttime bed-wetting

A

nocturia

96
Q

scanty urination

A

oliguria

97
Q

excessive urination

A

polyuria

98
Q

the. general term ______ refers to the involuntary discharge of urine or feces.

A

incontinence

99
Q

_____ or _____ indicates the presence of albumin in the urine

A

albuminuria

100
Q

_____ indicates the presence of blood in the urine.

A

proteinuria

101
Q

_____ indicates the presence of ketone bodies in the urine.

A

ketonuria

102
Q

_____ indicates the presence of pus and white blood cells in the urine.

A

pyuria

103
Q

_____ (narrowing) of the ureters or urethra also may be present at birth

A

atresia

104
Q

_____ is the practice of medicine specializing in the urinary tract.

A

urology

105
Q

a person can live with only one kidney, so a diseased kidney may be removed in a _____.

A

nephrectomy

106
Q

other surgical procedures on the kidney include _____, the removal of adhesions in the kidney

A

nephrolysis

107
Q

_____ the creation of an opening in the kidney leading to the outside of the body.

A

nephrostomy

108
Q

surgical removal of a kidney stone

A

nephrolithotomy

109
Q

surgically affixing a floating kidney in place.

A

nephropexy

110
Q

suturing of a damaged kidney

A

nephrorrhaphy

111
Q

an incision into the renal pelvis

A

pyelotomy

112
Q

surgical repair of the renal pelvis

A

pyeloplasty

113
Q

surgical repair of a ureter

A

ureteroplasty

114
Q

suture of a damaged ureter

A

ureterorrhaphy

115
Q

surgical removal of a diseased ureter

A

ureterectomy

116
Q

removal of kidney stones

A

lithotomy or lithectomy

117
Q

removal of the bladder

A

cystectomy

118
Q

surgical fixing of the bladder to the abdominal wall

A

cystopexy

119
Q

surgical repair of the bladder

A

cystoplasty

120
Q

suturing of a damaged bladder

A

cystorrhaphy

121
Q

surgical repair of the urethra

A

urethroplasty

122
Q

surgical fixation of the urethra

A

urethropexy

123
Q

suturing of the urethra

A

urethrorrhaphy

124
Q

surgical creation of an opening between the urethra and the skin

A

urethrostomy

125
Q

surgical enlargement of the opening of the meatus

A

meatotomy

126
Q

a large incision to enlarge the narrowed area of the urethra.

A

urethrotomy

127
Q

medication that relieves spasms of the urinary tract or inhibit growth of microorganisms

A

antispasmodic

128
Q

the increase of urine secretion

A

diuretics

129
Q

medications to control BP related to fluid imbalances from compromised kidney function

A

antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors

130
Q

_____ are spectrum antibacterial agents used to treat UTI bacterial infections with the urinary tract.

A

antibiotics

131
Q

drugs that are used to treat overactive bladder

A

anticholinergics

132
Q

acute renal failure

A

ARF

133
Q

blood urea nitrogen

A

BUN

134
Q

chronic renal failure

A

CRF

135
Q

end-stage renal failure

A

ESRD

136
Q

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

A

ESWL

137
Q

external urinary drainage

A

EUD

138
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

GFR

139
Q

genitourinary

A

GU

140
Q

intake and output

A

I & O

141
Q

intravenous pyelogram

A

IVP

142
Q

kidney/ureter/bladder

A

KUB

143
Q

retrograde pyelogram

A

RP

144
Q

urinalysis

A

UA, U/A

145
Q

urinary tract infection

A

UTI

146
Q

voiding cystogram

A

VCG

147
Q

voiding cystourethrogram

A

VCUG

148
Q
A

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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