Chapter 14: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Flashcards
the study of the digestive system is calle _____.
gastroenterology
the digestive system is also known as the _____ system
alimentary
some functions of the digestive system is processing the break down, metabolization, and supply, of_____ to the body.
nutrients
_____ consists of the nature in which food proceeds through the body via peristalsis, or the wavelike muscle contraction that move food to different processing stations of the digestive tract.
gastroenterology
stomat/o
mouth
dent/o, odont/o
teeth
gloss/o, lingu/o
tongue
cheil/o
lips
gingiv/o
gums
esophag/o
esophagus
pharyng/o
pharynx
enter/o
intestine
duoden/o
duodenum
jejun/o
jejunum
ile/o
ileum
colon/o
colon
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
rect/o
rectum
proct/o
anus and rectum
hepat/o
liver
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
chole
gall
cyst/o
bladder
pancreat/o
pancreas
saliv/o
salivary glands
what are the three basic functions of the digestive system?
digestion, absorption, and elimination
_____ is the process of breaking down foods into nutrients that can be absorbed by cells.
digestion
_____ is the passing of digested nutrients into the bloodstream. This primarily occurs in the small intestines.
absorption
_____ is the conversion of any residual material from a liquid to a solid and removal. of that material from the alimentary canal via defecation.
elimination
the digestive system consists of the ____ ____ (digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract) and several accessory organs.
alimentary canal
food enters the alimentary canal through the _____, passes through the _____ and into the _____, then into the _____ and or _____, and then into the ______.
mouth; pharynx; esophagus; stomach; small intestines; large intestines; bowels; anal canal
the alimentary canal is a tube that extends from the mouth to the ____.
anus
the wall of the alimentary canal has four layers that aid in ____, the movement of chyme.
peristalsis
digestive _____ convert complex proteins into ____ ____, compounds that can be absorbed by the body.
enzymes; amino acids
complex sugars are reduced to _____ and other simpler sugars, and fat molecules are reduced to ____ ____ and other substances through the action of the digestive enzymes.
glucose; fatty acids
the _____ sense the food that is about to enter the mouth.
lips
once food is taken into the oral cavity (mouth), it is chewed with the help of the muscles of the _____ (walls of the oral cavity) and the _____ (which moves food during _____(chewing)).
checks; tongue; mastication
The last mechanical process that takes place in the mouth is _____ (swallowing).
deglutition
The tongue has ____ (pl. _____), small raised areas that contain the taste buds (cells that provide the sensation of taste).
papilla; papillae
the tongue is connected to the floor of the mouth by a mucous membrane call a _____.
frenulum
at the back of the tongue, _____ _____form two round mounds of lymphatic tissue that play an important role in the immune system.
lingual tonsils
the roof of the mouth is formed by the ____ ____, the hard anterior part of the palate with irregular ridges of mucous membranes called _____, and the ____ ____ the soft posterior part of the palate.
hard palate; rugae; soft palate
A the back of the soft palate is a downward cone-shaped projection called the _____.
uvula
on either side of the back of the mouth are rounded masses of lymphatic tissue called the _____ _____.
palatine tonsils
the mouth contains the _____, the fleshy sockets that hold the teeth.
gums
the three sets of ____ ____ surrounding the oral cavity secrete _____, a fluid containing enzymes (such as _____, an enzyme that begins the digestion of carbohydrates) that aid in breaking down food.
salivary glands; saliva; amylase
from the mouth, food travels through the throat (pharynx). Both food and air share this passage way.
pharynx
when we eat and swallow food, a flap of tissue (the _____) covers the trachea until the food is moved into the esophagus.
epiglottis
once the food is in the stomach, it will close this prevents _____ (backflow) and _____ or _____ (vomiting). Everytime more food comes through the esophagus to the stomach, the muscles relax and allow the food to pass.
reflux; regurgitation; emesis
gastr/o
stomach
what are the three main functions of the stomach?
further break down food particles, initiate protein digestion, and mix it.
any disease of the stomach
gastropathy
the enzyme _____ in the gastric juice begins protein digestion.
pepsin
what are the four regions of the stomach?
cardiac region, fundus, body, and pylorus
the _____ _____, the region closest to the heart is where the cardiac sphincter allows food to enter the stomach and prevents regurgitation.
cardiac region
if the cardiac sphincter does not close, stomach juices can splash into the esophagus causing _____.
heartburn
the _____ is the middle portion of the stomach.
body
the _____, the narrowed bottom part of the stomach, has a powerful, circular muscle at its base, the pyloric sphincter. this sphincter controls the emptying of the stomach’s contents into the small intestine.
pylorus
after eating, the muscular movements of the stomach and the mixing of food with gastric juice form a semifluid mass called.
chyme
what are the three parts of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
the ______ is only about 10 inches long. In it, chyme mixes with bile to aid in fat digestion; with pancreatic juice to aid in digestion of starch, proteins, and fat; and with intestinal juice to aid in digesting sugars (glucose). Glands in the walls of the intestine secrete intestinal juice. the juices also help change starch (_____) into glucose.
duodenum; glycogen
the small intestine is lined with _____ (sigular, _____), tiny, one-cell-thick fingerlike projections with capillaries through which digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.
villi; villus
the ______ is an 8-foot-long section of the small intestine in which the digestive process continues.
jejunum
the _____ connects the small intestine to the large intestine.
ileum
the small intestine lies within the abdominopelvic cavity, where it is help in place by the _____, a membranous tissue that attaches both the small and large intestines to the muscle wall at the dorsal part of the abdomen.
mesentery
what are the four parts of the large intestine?
cecum, colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
the _____ is a puch attached to the bottom of the ileum of the small intestine.
cecum
a wormlike puch connected to the cecum.
appendix
the appendix is filled with lymphatic tissue but is considered an _____, an accessory part of the body that has no central function.
appendage
the middle section of the large intestines is the _____.
colon
what are the three parts of the colon?
ascending colon, the transverse colon, and the descending colon
the angle between the ascending colon and transverse colon?
hepatic flexure
what is the right-angle bend between the transverse colon and the descending colon?
splenic flexure
the _____ _____ is an s-shaped body that goes across the pelvis to the middle of the sacrum, where it connects to the rectum.
sigmoid colon
the _____ attaches to the anal canal
rectum
_____ (_____) then pass from the anal canal into the anus.
feces; stool
the anus and anal canal open during the release of feces from the body (_____).
defecation
what is the most important function of the liver?
bile secretion
what acts as a storage area for bile until it is needed for digestion?
gallbladder
the _____ is an important digestive organ located in the upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity
liver
aside from changing food nutrients into usable substances, the liver also secretes _____ (a yellowish-brown to greenish fluid), which is stored in the gallbladder for uses in breaking down fats and other digestive functions.
bile
the liver also secretes _____, a bile pigment that is combined with bile and excreted into the duodenum.
bilirubin
the bile released from the liver to the hepatic duct is then released into the cystic duct, which brings the substance into the _____. This organ is involved in the production, storage and transportation of bile.
gallbladder
at the entrance to the duodenum, bile mixes with pancreatic juices and enters the duodenum from the collon bile duct. There the bild aids in _____, the breaking down of fats.
emulsification
the _____ digiestive organ in that it secretes fluids into the small intestine through its system of ducts.
pancreas
the digestive fluid is called pacreatic juice, which includes various enzymes such as amylase and _____.
lipase
surgical repair of the anus is _____plasty.
ano-
_____itis is inflammation of the appendix.
appendic-
green bile pigment is _____verdin.
bili-
_____gingival pertains to the cheeks and gums.
bucco-
_____pexy is surgical repair of fixing of the cecum to correct excessive mobility.
ceco-
a tumor in the abdomen is a(n) _____oma.
celi-
pertaining to bile is _____ic.
chole-
a ______gram is an x-ray image of the bile vessels.
cholangio-
removal of the gallbladder is _____ectomy.
cholecyst-
_____tomy is an incision into the common bile duct.
choledocho-
_____ectomy is removal of all or part of the colon.
col-
inflammation of the duodenum is _____itis.
duoden-
_____pathy is any intestinal disease.
entero-
examination of the interior of the esophagus is _____scopy.
esophago-
_____algia is a stomach ache.
gastr-
_____pharyngeal relates to the tongue and pharynx.
glosso-
the formation of glucose is _____genesis.
gluco-
_____uria is abnormal excretion of carbohydrates in urine.
glycos-
the breakdown of glycogen to glucose is _____lysis.
glycogeno-
_____itis is liver disease or inflammation of the liver.
hepat-
inflammation of the ileum is _____itis.
ile-
_____ostomy is surgical opening to the outside of the body for the jejunum.
jejun-
surgical repair of the lips is _____plasty.
labio-
pertaining to the tongue and teeth is _____dental.
linguo-
_____facial pertains to the mouth and face.
oro-
_____itis is inflammation of the pancreas
pancreat-
inflammation of the peritoneum is _____itis.
periton-
inflammation of the tonsils and pharynx is _____tonsilitis
pharyngo-
a specialist in the study and treatment of diseases of the anus and rectum is a _____logist.
procto-
_____spasm is involuntary contraction of the pylorus.
pyloro-
______abdomical relates to the rectum of the pylorus.
pyloro-
excessive secretion of saliva is _____ism.
sial-
_____itis is inflammation of the salivary glands.
saladen-
visual examination of the sigmoid colon is _____scopy.
sigmoido-
greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces is _____rrhea.
stomat-
an _____ is the use of an esophagoscope to illuminate the esophagus as it is passed through the mouth and into the esophagus.
esophagoscopy
a gastroscope is used to examine the stomach in _____.
gastroscopy
a _____ is the used of an endoscope to examine the colon.
colonoscopy
a proctoscope is used to examine the rectum and anus in a _____.
proctoscopy
a sigmoidoscopy is used to examine the sigmoid colon in _____.
sigmoidoscopy
_____ or laparoscopy is the examination of the abdominal cavity with an instrument called a peritoneoscope or a laparoscope.
peritoneoscopy
the most severe form of anorexia, ____ ____, it is a morbid refusal to eat because the person wishes to be dangerously thin.
anorexia nervosa
_____ is a disease wherein bingeing on food and then purposely purging or vomiting is also a quest for abnormal weight loss.
bulimia
hair loss, amenorrhea, and heart damage are symptoms of ____ ____ and _____.
anorexia nervosa; bulimia
_____ is often the result of overeating, although recent gene studies indicate a possible hereditary defect.
obesity
areas in the mouth can become inflamed from an infection, allergy, injury, or internal disorder. _____ occurs on the lips.
cheilitis
_____ occurs on the tongue.
glossitis
_____ occurs in the salivary glands.
sialadenitis
_____ or _____ occurs in the parotid glands.
parotitis;parotiditis
_____ is unusually foul mouth odor, which may be caused by poor dental hygiene, gum disease, certain foods, or an internal disorder such as a sinus infection.
halitosis
______ is a condition in which the tongue is partially or completely attached to the floor of the mouth, thereby preventing normal movement.
ankyloglossia
_____ is an inability to swallow.
aphagia
_____ is difficulty swallowing.
dysphagia
esophageal varices are twisted veins in the esophagus that are prone to hemorrhage and ulcers. _____ is any inflammation of the esophagus.
esophagitis
______ is the failure of the same esophageal sphincter to relax during swallowing and allow food to pass easily from the esophagus into the stomach to continue the digestive process.
achalasia
_____ is the lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, a chemical necessary for digestion.
achlorhydria
_____ is difficulty in digesting food, particularly in the stomach.
dyspepia
_____ is any stomach inflammation,
gastritis
_____ is an inflammation of both the stomach and small intestine.
gastroenteritis
_____ is an accumulation of gas in the stomach or intestines.
flatulence
_____ may release some of this gas through the mouth.
eructation
_____ is a sick feeling in the stomach caused by illness or the ingestion of spoiled food.
nausea
_____ is the vomiting of blood from the stomach, usually a sign of a severe disorder.
hematemesis
stomach ulcers or gastric ulcers are a type of ____ ____, a sore on the mucous membrane of any part of the gastrointestinal system.
peptic ulcer
a _____ is a protrusion of the stomach through an opening in the diaphragm called the hiatal opening.
hiatal hernia
the liver can be the site of _____ or _____, when excessive bilirubin in the blood (_____) cause a yellow discoloration of the skin.
jaundice; icterus; hyperbilirubinemia
_____ is an enlarged liver.
hepatomegaly
_____ is a general term for liver disease, and ______ is a term for several types of contagious disease, some of which are sexually transmitted.
hepatopathy; hepatitis
_____ is a chronic liver disease usually caused by poor nutrition and excessive alcohol consumption.
cirrhosis
_____ is an inflammation of the pancreas.
pancreatitis
the gallbladder can be the site of calculi (_____ or _____) that block the bile from leaving the gallbladder.
gallstones; chloeithiasis
_____ is any inflammation in the bile ducts.
cholangitis
_____ is any inflammation of the gallbladder, either acute or chronic.
cholecystitis
the duodenum can be the site of _____ _____. THese are a type of peptic ulcer and are thought to be bacterial in origin.
duodenal ulcers
this condition is called _____, which usually requires surgery to prevent the appendix from bursting.
appendicitis
inflammation of the liver.
hepatitis
_____ __ is a viral infection of the liver that can cause jaundice, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and fever for a least a month.
Hepatitis A (HAV)
Hepatitis A is shed through the _____ and is spread by improper hand washing. Also spread through contaminated food, ice, and water.
feces
T or F: there is a vaccination for Hepatitis A?
True
_____ __ is a viral infection of the liver. It can be acute or chronic. Transmission routes include sexual or close household contact, mother to baby, IV drug use or nosocomial exposure.
Hepatitis B (HBV)
T or F: there is a vaccination for Hepatitis B?
True
_____ __ is a virus that causes inflammation of the liver. Is spreed by direct blood contact, usually through IV drug use.
Hepatitis C (HCV)
T o F: there is a vaccination for hepatitis C
False
_____ __ is a viral infection of the liver. It is always associated with a current infection of hepatitis B. Transmission is parental, sexual, or perinatal.
Hepatitis D (HDV)
T o F: there is a vaccination for hepatitis D
false
_____ __ a viral infection of the liver. Outbreak of hepatitis E and sporadic cases occur over a wide geographical area, primarily in countries with inadequate environmental sanitation. Transmitted Fecal/ orally.
Hepatitis E (HEV)
T or F: there is a vaccination for hepatitis E
False
the small and large intestines can have ulcers, obstructions, irritations, inflammations, abnormalities. An _____ is an intestinal blockage, which may be caused by a lack of sufficient moisture to move waste material through the system or by an internal disorder.
ileus
_____ and _____ are general terms for inflammations in the small intestine.
enteritis; colitis
_____ is a general term for irritation of the intestinal tract with loose stools and other and other symptoms, such as abdominal pain and weakness.
dysentery
_____ is a general term for a condition in which polyps develop in the intestinal tract.
polyposis
_____ is an inflammation of the rectum and anus.
proctitis
_____ is a condition with infrequent or difficult release of bowel movements, sometimes the result of insufficient moisture to soften and move stools.
constipation
_____ is loose, watery stools that may be the result of insufficient roughage or of an internal disorder.
diarrhea
_____ is the release of gas through the anus.
flatus
_____ is a condition in which blood that is not fresh appears in the stool as a black, tarry mass.
melena
______ is bright red blood in the stool.
hematochezia
______ is fat in the stool.
steatorrhea
a small opening in the anal canal is called an ____ ____.
anal fistula
the anus may be the site of _____, swollen, twisted veins that can cause great discomfort.
hemorrhoids
a ____ ____ is the protrusion of the stomach into the esophagus.
hiatal hernia
an ____ _____ is a protrusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall.
inguinal hernia
an ____ ____ is one in which blood flow is restricted or absent. It may be life threatening!
strangulated hernia
a ____ ____ is a protrusion of a loop of intestine into the femoral canal.
femoral hernia
an ____ ____ is a protrusion of part of the intestine into the umbilicus.
umbilical hernia
______ or ______ is a surgical puncture to remove fluid or relieve pressure in the abdominal cavity, as in ascites.
abdominocentesis; paracentesis
_____ is an incision for removal of stones.
cholelithotomy
_____ is an incision for the removal of stones in the common bile duct.
choledocholithotomy
______ is the crushing of gallstones using sound waves or other techniques.
cholelithotripsy
surgical repair of the digestive tract includes _____ (tongue suturing
glossorrhaphy
_____ (esophagus repair)
esophagoplasty
_____ (repair of the rectum and anus).
proctoplasty
a _____ is removal of the tongue.
glossectomy
a ______ is the removal of polyps, particularly in areas such as the colon, which are susceptible to cancer.
polypectomy
a _____ is the removal of the gallbladder, particularly one that is constantly inflamed and susceptible to painful bouts of gallstones.
cholecystectomy
an _____ is the removal of a diseased appendix that is in danger of rupturing.
appendectomy
_____ is removal of diverticula.
diverticulectomy
_____ is removal of some or all of the stomach.
gastrectomy
a _____ or _____ removes a portion of the stomach to limit overeating as a treatment for obesity.
gastric resection; gastric bypass
a _____ is the removal of some or all of the colon.
colectomy
a _____ is removal of the pancreas, usually only in cases with malignancy.
pancreatectomy
______ is the removal of hemorrhoids, which are sometimes treated by laser cauterization.
hemorrhoidectomy
a _____ is removal of one or more lobes of the liver.
hepatic lobectomy
it is usually preceded by a _____ to determine the type and extent of disease.
liver biopsy
an anal fistula is removed in an _____.
anal fistulaectomy
_____ and _____ are two types of operations. the first is the excision of pylorus, and the second is the resectioning of the pylorus with the stomach.
billroth I; billroth II
an _____, a surgical union of the two hollow tubes, is sometimes used to bypass parts of the intestines, as in the case of removal of a section of the intestines.
anastomosis (pl. anastomoses)
an _____ is the creation of an opening in the abdomen that is attached to the ileum to allow fecal matter to discharge into a bag outside the body.
ileostomy
a _____ is an opening in the colon to the abdominal wall to create a place for waste to exist the body other than through the anus.
colostomy
alanine aminotransferase
ALT
aspartate aminotransferase
AST
bowel movement
BM
body mass index
BMI
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
EGD
gallbladder
GB
gastrointestinal
GI
hepatitis A
HAV
hepatitis B
HBV
hepatitis C
HCV
hepatitis D
HDV
hepatitis E
HEV
inflammatory bowel disease
IBD
irritable bowel syndrome
IBS
liver function test
LFT
nasogastric
NG
peptic ulcer disease
PUD
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
SGOT
serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
SGPT
total parenteral nutrition
TPN
upper gastrointestinal
UGI
