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Anatomy 1090 > Chapter 9 special senses > Flashcards

Chapter 9 special senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are general senses

A

receptors that are all of the body inside and outside.

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2
Q

Examples of general senses

A

Temperature
Pain (nociceptors)
touch (tactile)
Proprioception

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3
Q

What is proprioception

A

to know or sense where in space one’s body parts are,

Has its own organs in the inner ear, but is in other places of the body

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4
Q

What are special senses

A

Receptors are only found in specific structures in the head

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5
Q

Examples of special senses

A 
Smell (olfaction)
Taste (gustation)
Vision
Balance/equilibrium
hearing
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6
Q

Define sensory receptors

A

are specialized cells or cell processes that monitor conditions inside or outside of the body. the “eyes and ears” of the nervous system

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7
Q

name 5 types of stimulus in receptors

A 
Free nerve endings
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
photoreceptors
Auditory receptors
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8
Q

free nerve endings

A

dendrites can see information directly and become the receptor

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9
Q

Free nerve ending examples

A

Pain (nociceptors):Most common in superficial skin, joint capsules, within periosteum, and around blood vessel walls. Most visceral organs and deep tissues have these.

Temperature (thermoreceptors): found in dermis, skeletal muscle, liver, and hypothalamus, 3/4 of them sense cold, 1/4 senses heat

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10
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

respond to mechanical stimulus. Range from free nerve endings to specialized supporting structures (corpuscles). Sense something mechanical is changing (movement)

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11
Q

Examples of mechanoreceptors

A

Tactile: touch, pressure, and vibration, external

baroreceptors: pressure (in an organ)
proprioceptors: position

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12
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Chemical hitting a receptor is the stimulus.

Ex: Taste and Smell, receptors for blood pH, CO2 and O2 levels

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13
Q

Photoreceptors

A

VISION!
Detection of light is the stimulus
senses photons

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14
Q

Auditory Receptors

A

HEARING!

detection of sound is the stimulus

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15
Q

sensation

A

all of the information arriving via afferent receptors

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16
Q

perception

A

conscious awareness of a sensation

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17
Q

adaptation

A

a reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus

toning out a certain stimulus because they are unimportant at the time

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18
Q

4 types of taste buds and where they are located

A

Sweet: tip of the tongue
Salty: front sides
sour: middle sides
bitter: back of the tongue

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19
Q

name the three major layers of the eye

A

Fibrous Layer
Vascular Layer
Retina

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20
Q

Name the two subtypes of the fibrous layer

A

Sclera: the white of the eye, made of dese fibrous connective tissue, continuous with the cornea, attached to 6 extrinsic eye muscles

Cornea: Transparent part of the fibrous layer, over the iris and pupil

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21
Q

Fibrous layer

A

most external layer of the eye

for mechanical support and some physical protection

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22
Q

Vascular layer

A

layer of the eye
where the blood and lymphatic vessels are. also regulates the amount of light going into the eye and secretes and absorbs aqueous humor

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23
Q

sublayers of the vascular layer

A

Iris
Ciliary body
Choriod

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24
Q

Iris

A

part of the vascular layer

Colored part: contains smooth muscle and pigment cells in addition to the blood vessels & loose connective tissue. Changes the diameter of the pupil, the opening in the middle. In the front

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25
Q

Cilliary body

A

Part of the Vasular later

Function: smooth muscle and suspensory ligament holding the lens in place posterior to the iris. Found deep to the junction between sclera and cornea. contains the muscles that adjust the shape of the lens to focus your sight

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26
Q

Choroid

A

Part of the vascular layer

Function: separates the sclera from the retina posterior to the ciliary body. hos all the blood vessels

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27
Q

retina

A

innermost layer of the eye, lining the posterior cavity; contains the photoreceptors

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28
Q

purpose of mucus

A

mucus makes it so that only chemicals that are able to dissolve into the air and through the mucous can get to the olfactory receptors

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29
Q

what percentage do we smell of the air we take in?

A

2%

you can stimulate more smell by either making the scent stronger or intentionally sniffing

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30
Q

which type of receptor is an olfactory receptor?

A

Chemo receptor

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31
Q

which nerves controls smell

A

CN 1 the olefactory nerve

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32
Q

name the two cavities in the eye

A

anterior cavity: between ciliary body, lens and cornea. Full of a clear, watery fluid called aqueous humor

Posterior cavity: between lens/ciliary body and retina. Full of a gelatinous substance called the VIREOUS body/gel (part of the vitreous humor)

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33
Q

Name the two parts of the eye’s anterior cavity

A
  • Anterior chamber: between cornea and iris

- Posterior chamber between ciliary body

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34
Q

What helps to stabilize the shape of the eye

A

aqueous humor and the vitreous body

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35
Q

what part of the ciliary body holds up the lens

A

ciliary zonules

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36
Q

what part of the ciliary body connects the zonules to the rest of the ciliary body.

A

ciliary processes

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37
Q

process of the secretion and flow of aqueous humor

A
  • Epithelial cells of the ciliary process secrete aqueous humor
    aqueous humor then circulates around the posterior an anterior chambers of the anterior cavity.
  • in the anterior chamber near the lateral edges of the iris, the aqueous humor enters the scleral venous sinus which empties into veins in the sclera
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38
Q

what happens when the normal flow of the aqueous humor is blocked

A

causes over pressurizing the eye, and causes glaucoma that can rapidly cause blindness if not treated

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39
Q

which cranial nerve controls the superior oblique

A

CN 4 the trochlear nerve

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40
Q

which cranial nerve controls the inferior oblique

A

CN 6 the abducens

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41
Q

which cranial nerve controls the eye at rest

A

CN 3 oculomotor

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42
Q

What is Lacrimation

A

the making of tears

a constant flow of tears keeps the surface of the eyeball moist and clean.

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43
Q

Benefits of tears

A

reduce friction, remove debris, keep bacterial infections from happening, and provide nutrients and oxygen to the conjunctiva and cornea

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44
Q

What is the lacrimal apparatus

A

makes moves and removes tears

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45
Q

what is the lacrimal duct

A

tear gland
is superior and lateral to the eyeball
about the size of an almond
over 12 ducts empty tears into the space between the eyelid and eyeball.

46
Q

what is the palpebrae

A

eyelids

blink tears medially toward the medial canthus (where you find sleepy seeds)

47
Q

cornea

A

clear protective cover that refracts [bends] light toward the lens

48
Q

aqueous humor

A

the space between the cornea and the lens

fluid similar to perilymph or CSF that fills the anterior chamber of the eye

49
Q

Lens

A

the clear sphere that focuses light onto a specific area of your retina

50
Q

Vitreous body

A

he clear colorless transparent jelly that fills the eyeball posterior to the lens

51
Q

what parts of the eye does light have to pass through to get to the retina

A

cornea
aqueous humor
lens
vitreous body

52
Q

what is the retina

A

innermost layer of the eye, lining the posterior cavity; contains photoreceptors; also called the inner layer

53
Q

name two layers of the retina

A

Thick inner (internal) layer called the NEURAL PART

thin outer (external layer called the PIGMENTED PART

54
Q

what does the retina’s neural part contain?

A
  • The photoreceptors
  • supporting cells and neurons that perform preliminary processing and integrating of visual information
  • blood vessels supplying tissues that line the posterior cavity
55
Q

function of the retina’s pigmented part

A

absorbs the light that passes through the neural part so you don’t get a visual echo of the image

56
Q

name the two types of photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

57
Q

rods

A
  • function: do best in dim light
  • very light sensitive
  • have black and white vision
  • on the sides of the retina, so can see things better from the sides of your eyes in the dark
  • more rods than cones in the eye
58
Q

Cones

A
  • do best in bright light not dim
  • receive red, green and blue
  • how much you stimulate each cone color determines what color you see
  • at the middle of the retina
59
Q

macula

A

tan area that only contains cones

60
Q

fovea

A

the center of the macula

  • a shallow depression of the highest concentration of cones
  • this is where light from where you are looking directly at strikes the retina
61
Q

what are the 2 layer of smooth muscle in the iris that can change the diameter of the pupil

A

Sympathetic stimulation

and parasympathetic stimulation

62
Q

sympathetic stimulation `

A

makes pupils dilate

63
Q

parasympathetic stimulation

A

causes pupils to constrict

64
Q

what muscles controls the thickness of the lens

A

Ciliary muscle

65
Q

what is accommodation

A

the process of changing the thickness of the lines

66
Q

how does the ciliary muscle control accommodation for close vision?

A

the ciliary muscles contracts causing a more rounded lens by pushing the side of the lens anterior and medially.

67
Q

how does the ciliary muscle control accommodation for distant vision

A

ciliary muscle relaxes causing a more flattened, more spherical/ circular lens

68
Q

Nearsightedness

A

Myopia

  • eyeball is too deep or resting curvature of lens is too great.
  • lens tries to project image of a distant object to focal point more anterior than retina, so distant objects appear blurry.
  • put a corrective lens on that will cause light to diverge before hitting the cornea to correct the problem
69
Q

Focal point

A

is where all the light from all the angles are shining on one single point

70
Q

farsightedness

A

Hyperopia

  • eyeball is too shallow or lens is too flat
  • lens can’t focus light enough when looking at close objects, so focal point would be behind the retina
  • close objects are blurry.
  • put a corrective lens that will cause light to converge before hitting the cornea to correct the problem
71
Q

old man sight

A

presbyopia

- lens loses elasticity with age causing hyperopia

72
Q

astigmatism

A

degree of curvature of the lens or cornea is off, so it can’t be refracted properly.
- can fix with lens or surgery

73
Q

double vision

A

diplopia

  • can be due to problems coordinating extrinsic eye muscles or other muscular or neurological problems
  • you need a doctor to diagnose this;
74
Q

strabismus

A

eyes aren’t aligned

  • at least one eye is turned either too far inward (convergent) or too far outward (divergent)
  • usually seen in kids
  • treat with special glasses, patch strong eye, or surgery
75
Q

color blindness

A

one or more classes of cones is missing or doesn’t work.

  • most commonly the red cones are missing.
  • this is x-lined , so men are much more likely to have it.
76
Q

parts of external ear (4)

A
  • Auricle
  • external acoustic meatus
  • ceruminous glands
  • tympanic membrane
77
Q

part of the ear we can touch and see

A

auricle

  • channels sound into your external auditory meatus.
  • allows or directional sensitivity for sound
78
Q

ear canal

A

external acoustic meatus
- what you stick earplug into
- sends sound interior toward the tympanic membrane
-

79
Q

What makes ear wax and what is its purpose

A

ceruminous glands

  • helps keep foreign objects from getting into the ear
  • slows microorganism growth
  • reduces the likelihood of infection
80
Q

eardrum

A

Tympanic membrane

- separates the external and middle ear

81
Q

Middle ear

A

air filled chamber deep to the tympanic membrane

- gets air from connection with the nasopharynx and air cells in the mastoid process of the temporal bones of the skull

82
Q

Parts of the middle ear (3)

A
  • Eustacian tube (auditory tube)
  • Auditory ossicles
  • tensor tympani muscle
83
Q

Eustacian tube

A

aka auditory tube

  • the tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx
  • allows equalization of either side of the eardrum
84
Q

auditory ossicles

A

3 tiny ear bones
- when sound vibrates the tympanic membrane, the tympanic membrane moves the bones causing the stapes to vibrate the oval window of the inner ear

85
Q

Tensor tympani muscle

A

pulls on the malleus to keep it from vibrating too hard when you’re around loud noise, so that you don’t injure anything

86
Q

Stapedius

A

keeps stapes from vibrating too hard when you’re around loud noise so that you don’t injure anything

87
Q

Parts of the inner ear (9)

A
  • Bony labyrinth
  • Membranous labyrinth
  • perilymph
  • Endolymph
  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals
  • cochlea
  • oval window
  • round window
88
Q

Bony labyrinth

A
  • area with receptors that give us our sense of equilibrium and hearing
  • outer walls are fused with the surrounding temporal bone
  • surrounds the membranous labyrinth
89
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A
  • collection of tubes and chambers that follows the contour of the bony labyrinth
  • the organs of the inner ear have 2 layers fluid under each layer
  • the membranous layer is the inner layer and contains the receptors for the organs
90
Q

perilymph

A

the fluid between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth

91
Q

endolymph

A

the fluid filling the tubes and chambers of the membranous labyrinth

92
Q

three bones of the ear

A

Malleus
incus
stapes

93
Q

vestibule

A

pair of sacs (saccule and utricle) that provides a sensation of linear gravity and acceleration

94
Q

Semicircular canals

A

receptors stimulated by rotation of the head provide information about orientation of the head

95
Q

cochlea

A

the snail shaped organ in the inner ear that turns sound into nerve impulses so you hear

96
Q

oval window

A

what stapes vibrates to move sound vibrations to perilymph in the cochlea
- separates middle and inner ears

97
Q

round window

A

one of two parts of the wall of the bony labyrinth that isn’t made of dense bone
- allows fluid in the cochlea to vibrate rather than shatter the back of the cochlea

98
Q

what are receptors in the ear are called

A

hair cells

  • that are connected to the dendrites of sensory neurons
  • constantly secrete a small amount of neurotransmitter to the sensory neuron
99
Q

Stereocilia

A

80-100 specialized microvilli on hair cells

  • when stereocilia is distorted one direction it causes increased neurotransmitter secretion
  • when it is distorted the other way secretion decreases
100
Q

steps for the hearing process

A

1- sound waves arrive at the tympanic membrane
2- movement of the tympanic membrane moves the auditory ossicles
3- movement of the stapes at the oval window causes pressure waves at the top of the cochlea
4- pressure waves distort the basilar membrane
5- vibration of the basilar membrane causes hair cells to vibrate against the tectorial membrane
6- information about the region and intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of CN 8

101
Q

Frequency

A

Pitch of a sound wave is determined by which part of the cochlear duct is stimulated

102
Q

amplitude

A

intensity/volume of a sound wave is determined by how many hair cells are stimulated

103
Q

name two types of equilibrium

A

Dynamic equilibrium: helps maintain balance when the head and body are moved suddenly

static equilibrium: maintains posture and stability when body is motionless

104
Q

Vestibule

A

deals with gravity and linear acceleration

105
Q

otoliths

A

crystal that are attached to the stereocilia

- gravity pulling on the otoliths stimulates the stereocilia

106
Q

semicircular canals

A

deal with rotational motion
- the stereocilia of the semicircular canals are embedded in gel, and are stimulated by endolymph pushing against that gel

107
Q

3 canals in the semicircular canal

A

Anterior: senses up/down motion like nodding
Posterior: senses tilting motion
Lateral: horizontal rotation like shaking knead “no”,

108
Q

Deafness

A

is partial or total hearing loss

109
Q

types of deafness (2)

A

Conduction deafness

sensory (sensorineural) deafness

110
Q

Conduction deafness

A

the problem with getting sound waves to the brain because the outer ear, tympanic membrane , or middle ear are blocked to broken

111
Q

sensory deafness

A

the problem with getting sound waves to the brain because the inner ear, cochlea, or nerves are broken

Anatomy 1090 (18 decks)

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