Chapter 15: Respiratory system

Question 1

Name the 5 functions of the Respiratory system

Answer 1

• Provides a large area for gas exchange between air and blood
• Moves air to and from the gas-exchange surfaces of the lungs
• Protects the respiratory surfaces from dehydrations, pathogens, and temperature changes
• Produces communication sounds, including speaking and singing
• Allows you to smell by getting olfactory proteins to the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity.

Question 2

Organs of the respiratory system in order as they encounter air

Answer 2

Upper respiratory system:

• nose
• nasal cavity
• sinuses
• Pharynx (throat)

Lower Respriatory system

• Larynx (eating and breathing tubes spate, where vocal cords are)
• Trachea (wind pipe)
• Bronchi (bigger divisions of Trachea)
• Bronchioles (smaller divisions of the trachea, in lungs)
• Alveoli (lungs)`

Question 3

Name the four paranasal sinuses

Answer 3

Sphenoid sinus
frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Ethmoid sinus

Question 4

positioning of vocal cords during respiration

Answer 4

Vocal cords abduct during inspiration and return to rest during expiration

• while vocalizing, the vocal cords mostly close and vibrate as air is forced past them
• when swallowing the vocal cords are tightly shut.

Question 5

How do goblet cells keep airways clean?

Answer 5

mucous.

- it traps unwanted pathogens and debris to keep them from going into the smaller pathways

Question 6

How do ciliated epithelial cells in the pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the trachea and bronchi keep air ways clean

Answer 6

they move mucous back up the trachea toward the mouth where it can be swallowed or spit out.

Question 7

name the two types of cells lining the pulmonary alveoli

Answer 7

Type 1 pneumocytes: super thing simple squamous epithelial cells

Type 2 pneumocytes: (septal cells) are larger and produce an oily substance called surfactant

Question 8

Three components of the blood/air barrier

Answer 8

Alveolar epithelium
capillary endothelium
Fused basement membrane between the two layers

Question 9

why do lungs collapse?

Answer 9

• have lots of elastic fibers that are stretch

- surface tension between water molecules at an air-water boundary tries to collapse the alveoli

Question 10

what does surfactant do in respiration/?

Answer 10

coats the air-side surface of the alveolar membrane to decrease surface tension and keep the alveoli inflated

Question 11

Tidal volume

Answer 11

is the volume of air you breathe in and out without thinking about it.

Question 12

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 12

is the maximum volume of air ABOVE the tidal volume that you can possibly suck into your lungs

Question 13

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 13

is the maximum volume of air BELOW the tidal volume that you can possibly expire (breathe out)

Question 14

Residual volume

Answer 14

is the volume of air that will always be in your lungs. this includes dead space

Question 15

Dead space

Answer 15

the area in your lungs were gas exchange doesn’t occur but needs to stay open so you can continue air exchange

Question 16

What are respiratory capacities

Answer 16

volume calculations medical professionals perform to either
1- make sure your lungs work properly
2- diagnose a problem
3- make sure we don’t destroy your lungs when we put you on a ventilator and breathe for you

Question 17

Total lung capacity

Answer 17

sum of all respiratory volumes

total volume you can get in your lungs

Question 18

inspiratory capacity

Answer 18

Tidal +inspiratory reserve= inspiratory capacity

how much you can breathe in without emptying your lungs first

Question 19

Functional reserve capacity

Answer 19

air that is always in your lungs + expiratory reserve)

The amount of air that stays in your lungs when you breathe normally

Question 20

Vital capacity

Answer 20

the total amount of air you can get out of your lungs

Total capacity - residual volume.

Question 21

what happens to hemoglobin when pH decreases

Answer 21

strength of bond between O2 and hemoglobin WEAKENS

This lets O2 diffuse into the tissues

Question 22

What does increased temperature do to hemoglobin

Answer 22

decreases the strength of the O2 hemoglobin bond

Question 23

3 ways CO2 is transported and %

Answer 23

7%- held by plasma and goes into peripheral capillaries
23%- C02 binding to hemoglobin to create carbaminohemoglobin
70%- gets converted to bicarbonate

Question 24

3 parts of the brain involved in respiration

Answer 24

medulla oblongata: sets pace for respiration
pons: regulate respiratory muscles and control respiratory rate and deep breathing
limbic system: converts signals from the brain to change respiration. controls unconscious breathing

Question 25

Increase CO2 in blood changes what in respiration

Answer 25

more O2 and CO2 exchange occurs

• arteries relax to increase blood flow
• increase in the depth and rate of respiration

Question 26

increase in pH changes what in respiration

Answer 26

tells the medulla oblongata to decrease the depth and rate of respiration.

Question 27

decrease in pH changes what in respiration

Answer 27

tells the medulla oblongata to increase the depth and rate of respiration

Question 28

what is nitrogen narcosis

Answer 28

where gases that you breathe have a narcotic effect at high pressure, causing you to act like you’re drunk or on laughing gas

Question 29

Decompression sickness

Answer 29

• happens when someone is exposed to a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure.
• When the atmospheric pressure changes quickly, the nitrogen in the air comes out of solution and forms bubbles in peripheral tissues that allow bubbles to form (e.g., joint capsules, CSF, the bloodstream).
• Causes pain, especially near joints, numbness, headache, dizziness or vertigo, weakness, etc.