Chapter 15: Respiratory system Flashcards
Name the 5 functions of the Respiratory system
- Provides a large area for gas exchange between air and blood
- Moves air to and from the gas-exchange surfaces of the lungs
- Protects the respiratory surfaces from dehydrations, pathogens, and temperature changes
- Produces communication sounds, including speaking and singing
- Allows you to smell by getting olfactory proteins to the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity.
Organs of the respiratory system in order as they encounter air
Upper respiratory system:
- nose
- nasal cavity
- sinuses
- Pharynx (throat)
Lower Respriatory system
- Larynx (eating and breathing tubes spate, where vocal cords are)
- Trachea (wind pipe)
- Bronchi (bigger divisions of Trachea)
- Bronchioles (smaller divisions of the trachea, in lungs)
- Alveoli (lungs)`
Name the four paranasal sinuses
Sphenoid sinus
frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Ethmoid sinus
positioning of vocal cords during respiration
Vocal cords abduct during inspiration and return to rest during expiration
- while vocalizing, the vocal cords mostly close and vibrate as air is forced past them
- when swallowing the vocal cords are tightly shut.
How do goblet cells keep airways clean?
mucous.
- it traps unwanted pathogens and debris to keep them from going into the smaller pathways
How do ciliated epithelial cells in the pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the trachea and bronchi keep air ways clean
they move mucous back up the trachea toward the mouth where it can be swallowed or spit out.
name the two types of cells lining the pulmonary alveoli
Type 1 pneumocytes: super thing simple squamous epithelial cells
Type 2 pneumocytes: (septal cells) are larger and produce an oily substance called surfactant
Three components of the blood/air barrier
Alveolar epithelium
capillary endothelium
Fused basement membrane between the two layers
why do lungs collapse?
- have lots of elastic fibers that are stretch
- surface tension between water molecules at an air-water boundary tries to collapse the alveoli
what does surfactant do in respiration/?
coats the air-side surface of the alveolar membrane to decrease surface tension and keep the alveoli inflated
Tidal volume
is the volume of air you breathe in and out without thinking about it.
inspiratory reserve volume
is the maximum volume of air ABOVE the tidal volume that you can possibly suck into your lungs
Expiratory reserve volume
is the maximum volume of air BELOW the tidal volume that you can possibly expire (breathe out)
Residual volume
is the volume of air that will always be in your lungs. this includes dead space
Dead space
the area in your lungs were gas exchange doesn’t occur but needs to stay open so you can continue air exchange
What are respiratory capacities
volume calculations medical professionals perform to either
1- make sure your lungs work properly
2- diagnose a problem
3- make sure we don’t destroy your lungs when we put you on a ventilator and breathe for you
Total lung capacity
sum of all respiratory volumes
total volume you can get in your lungs
inspiratory capacity
Tidal +inspiratory reserve= inspiratory capacity
how much you can breathe in without emptying your lungs first
Functional reserve capacity
air that is always in your lungs + expiratory reserve)
The amount of air that stays in your lungs when you breathe normally
Vital capacity
the total amount of air you can get out of your lungs
Total capacity - residual volume.
what happens to hemoglobin when pH decreases
strength of bond between O2 and hemoglobin WEAKENS
This lets O2 diffuse into the tissues
What does increased temperature do to hemoglobin
decreases the strength of the O2 hemoglobin bond
3 ways CO2 is transported and %
7%- held by plasma and goes into peripheral capillaries
23%- C02 binding to hemoglobin to create carbaminohemoglobin
70%- gets converted to bicarbonate
3 parts of the brain involved in respiration
medulla oblongata: sets pace for respiration
pons: regulate respiratory muscles and control respiratory rate and deep breathing
limbic system: converts signals from the brain to change respiration. controls unconscious breathing
Increase CO2 in blood changes what in respiration
more O2 and CO2 exchange occurs
- arteries relax to increase blood flow
- increase in the depth and rate of respiration
increase in pH changes what in respiration
tells the medulla oblongata to decrease the depth and rate of respiration.
decrease in pH changes what in respiration
tells the medulla oblongata to increase the depth and rate of respiration
what is nitrogen narcosis
where gases that you breathe have a narcotic effect at high pressure, causing you to act like you’re drunk or on laughing gas
Decompression sickness
- happens when someone is exposed to a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure.
- When the atmospheric pressure changes quickly, the nitrogen in the air comes out of solution and forms bubbles in peripheral tissues that allow bubbles to form (e.g., joint capsules, CSF, the bloodstream).
- Causes pain, especially near joints, numbness, headache, dizziness or vertigo, weakness, etc.
