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Anatomy 1090 > Chapter 13: circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 13: circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three layers of an artery or vein

A
  • Tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa
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2
Q

Tunica intima

made of and function

A

Made of:
- endothelium and underlying connective tissue
Function:
- provides a barrier keeping blood in the blood vessel.
- layer closest to the blood

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3
Q

Tunica media

- made of and function

A

Made of:
- sheets smooth muscle surrounded by loose connective tissue
Function:
- smooth muscle contracts to increase blood vessel diameter and relaxes to decrease blood vessel diameter

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4
Q

Tunica externa

A

Made of:
- sheath of connective tissue around the blood vessel
Function:
- stabilizes blood vessel and anchors it in place

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5
Q

name three types of arteries

A

Elastic
muscular
arterioles

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6
Q

Elastic arteries

A

they are large and can stretch to accommodate the large pressure changes of the cardiac cycle

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7
Q

Muscular arteries

A

delivers blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs

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8
Q

Arterioles

A

SMALL arteries

- deliver blood to capillaries

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9
Q

which is the only blood vessel that allows nutients and waste to exchange across its walls?

A

capillaries

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10
Q

Why are capillaries the only blood vessel that allows nutrients and waste to exchange across its walls?

A

they are very thin and only have one layer of endothelium attached to a basement membrane.
- This means that things can easily diffuse through its walls

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11
Q

Why do some capillaries carry blood and others do not at any given moment

A

Capillaries does not change its diameter to regulate blood flow, instead they work together in a network.

  • PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTERS are circular bands of smooth muscle that control how much blood can get into each capillary.
  • they can even completely close off a capillary
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12
Q

name the 3 types of capillaries

A

continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous

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13
Q

Continuous Capillary

A

really tight endothelial cell in the lining so only small things like water and ions can diffuse through

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14
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

So much nutrient/waste exchange happens that the capillary has pores (fenestrations) built into the wall to make diffusion easier.

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15
Q

what affects blood flow

A
  • pressure changes
  • resistance
  • diameter and length of vessel
  • viscosity
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16
Q

how do pressure changes affect blood flow?

A

increases the amount of blood flow

-

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17
Q

how des the diameter of a vessel affect blood flow

A

smaller diameter= lower blood flow

larger diameter= high blood flow

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18
Q

how does the length of a vessel affect blood flow

A

the longer the vessel the more resistance the less blood flow

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19
Q

how does viscosity affect blood flow

A

More thickness=more resistance=less blood flow

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20
Q

how does resistance affect blood flow

A

decreases blood flow

- increases blood pressure

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21
Q

what is viscosity

A

the thickness of blood

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22
Q

Mean Systemic Arterial Pressure (MSAP) equation

A

MSAP= Diastolic pressure (DP) + 1/3*Pulse pressure(PP)

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23
Q

pulse pressure equation

A

PP=systolic pressure (SP) - Diastolic pressure (DP)

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24
Q

What is circulatory shock?

A

when the blood pressure gets so low that the circulatory system can’t adequately deliver blood to tissues and cells stop working right and start hurting and dying

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25
Q

What is hypovolemic shock and how do you fix it

A

not enough blood volume (usually because you are bleeding to death)
Diastolic pressure VERY low

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26
Q

Cardiogenic shock

A

Heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs

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27
Q

Neurogenic shock

A

When the CNS gets damaged and the heart does not get the signals it needs to pump out enough blood.

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28
Q

Endotoxic (septic) shock

A
  • a pathogen/infection reaches the bloodstream

- when blood enters tissues blood from capillaries rush to fight the pathogen and causes blood pressure to drop

29
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A

When the body reacts to an allergen by initiating the same mechanisms that cause septic shock

30
Q

Subclavian arteries

A

carry blood to the arms, chest wall, shoulders, back, and central nervous system

31
Q

Carotid arteries

A

carry blood to the head and neck

32
Q

phrenic arteries

A

deliver blood to the diaphram

33
Q

phrenic arteries

A

deliver blood to the diaphragm

34
Q

The superior mesenteric artery

A

delivers blood to the pancreas, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

35
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery

A

delivers blood to the last portion of the large intestine and rectum

36
Q

renal arteries

A

carry blood to the kidneys

37
Q

gonadal arteries

A

carry blood to the gonads

38
Q

common iliac arteries

A

deliver blood to the pelvis and lower limbs

39
Q

posterior intercostal arteries

A

deliver blood to the spaces between the ribs

40
Q

lumbar arteries

A

deliver blood to the lumbar spinal cord and abdominal wall

41
Q

median sacral artery

A

delivers blood to the lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx

42
Q

superior vena cava

A

head and neck, upper limbs, shoulders, and chest

43
Q

brachiocephalic vein

A

upper limbs, head and neck

44
Q

subclavian veins

A

upper limbs

45
Q

internal jugular veins

A

cranium, face and neck

46
Q

azygos vein

A

posterior thoracic and abdominal cavities.

It’s an alternate route back to the right atrium if the SVC or IVC gets blocked.

47
Q

inferior vena cava

A

most organs below the diaphragm

48
Q

hepatic veins

A

liver

49
Q

renal veins

A

kidneys

50
Q

Gonadal veins

A

the gonads

51
Q

common iliac veins

A

pelvic and lwer limbs

52
Q

common iliac veins

A

pelvic and lower limbs

53
Q

lumbar veins

A

the lumbar spinal cord and abdominal wall

54
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

the gastrointestinal tract (to the liver)

55
Q

Hepatic Vein

A

drains from the liver

56
Q

Great saphenous vein

A

dorsal surface of feet

57
Q

Great saphenous vein

A

dorsal surface of feet

58
Q

2 factors that require modification in the CVS for fetal existence

A
  • Digestive and respiratory systems are not working so there is no need to send blood there
  • fetus getting all nutrients from the placenta( organ that brings mother and fetal circulation close together wo nutrient/waste exchange can happen
59
Q

Umbilical vein

A

carries oxygenated blood to the placenta

60
Q

umbilical arteries

A

carries deoxygenated blood to the placenta

61
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

connects the pulmonary tract to the aorta, acting as a second way to bypass the pulmonary circulation

62
Q

foramen ovale of the heart

A

allows blood to skip the pulmonary tract and go straight from the right atrium to the left atrium. There is a flap that acts like a heart valve and prevents backflow from the left atrium to the right atrium.

63
Q

ductus venosus

A

collects blood from the umbilical vein and veins of the liver and dumps it into the IVC

64
Q

changes in fetal circulation at birth

A

When a baby takes its first breath, the lungs and pulmonary vessels inflate. This tells the smooth muscle in the ductus arteriosus to constrict, shutting it off.

  • As blood flows through the pulmonary circulation, the pressure in the left atrium rises, shutting the flap in the foramen ovale permanently.
  • At room temperature, in about 3 minutes the umbilical cord will close, both by expansion and collapse of some supporting structures and by vasoconstriction of the blood vessels.
65
Q

list three avascular parts of the body

A

cartilage
corneas
epidermis

66
Q

how does cartilage get nutrients

A

Nutrients diffuse from the perichondrium through the cartilaginous matrix to the chondrocytes.

67
Q

how does the epidermis get nutrients

A

from the dermis

68
Q

how do the corneas get nutrients

A

from lacrimation (tears)

Anatomy 1090 (18 decks)

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