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Anatomy 1090 > Chapter 8 Nervous System (Hard) > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Nervous System (Hard) Flashcards

1
Q

3 major functions of the nervous system

A

1- Monitor the body’s internal and external environments
2- integrate sensory information
3- Coordinate voluntary and involuntary responses of many other organ systems

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord

- this is where 90% of the neurons are

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

A

Every other nerve in the body that is not in CNS

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4
Q

Name two subcategories of the PNS system

A

Afferent division

Efferent division

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5
Q

Afferent division

A

the part of the PNS that bring sensory information from the receptions to the CNS. From nerves/senses to brain

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6
Q

Efferent division

A

The part of the PNS that carries commands from the CNS to muscles and glands. It leads to an effect or a response to happen.
From the brain to cause a reaction.

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7
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

is automatic, you don’t have to think about it. The parts of the CNS and PNS that deal with subconscious (involuntary) signals–this is what regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular secretions.

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8
Q

Two subcategories of the ANS and what they do

A

Sympathetic division: Fight or flight

Parasympathetic: rest and digest

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9
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

the parts of the CNS and PNS that control skeletal muscle

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10
Q

Name three types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons
motor neurons
interneruons

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11
Q

Sensory neurons

A

neurons of the AFFERENT division of the PNS. Send sensory information to the CNS

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12
Q

Motor neurons

A

EFFERENT neurons that send instructions from the CNS to other organs or organ systems

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13
Q

Interneurons

A

Always in the CNS. Make extra connections. These connect other neurons together, distributing sensory information and coordinating motor activity, These perform complex functions such as memory

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14
Q

Multipolar neuron

A
  • dendrites funnel signals to the cell body, which signals are then sent down a long axon to the synaptic terminals.
  • Most CNS neurons and all motor neurons (to skeletal muscle) are multipolar.
  • can be super long
  • MOST COMMON
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15
Q

Unipolar neuron

A
  • The cell body is off to the side, there is a straight shot from the dendrites to the axon and then to the synapses.
  • most sensory neurons of the PNS are unipolar.
  • can be as long as multipolar neurons
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16
Q

Bipolar neuron

A
  • one dendrite and one axon, with the cell body between them.
  • these are rare and usually found in special sense organs
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17
Q

Receptors

A
  • Sensory structures that detect changes in the internal or external environment.
  • These start AFFERENT pathways
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18
Q

Effectors

A
  • Target organs whose activities change in response to neural commands.
  • these are the destinations of EFFERENT pathways
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19
Q

Somatic sensory receptors

A

monitor the OUTSIDE world and our position in it.

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20
Q

Visceral sensory receptors

A

monitor INTERNAL conditions and the status of other organs

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21
Q

Somatic efferent neurons
Type
Cell body location
Distribution of impulses

A
  • Type: Multipolar
  • Location: Cranial nerve motor nuclei, spinal cord, anterior gray matter
  • Distribution: motor neuron to skeletal muscle
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22
Q

Visceral Efferent Neurons
Type
Cell body location
distribution of impulses

A
  • Type: Multipolar
  • Location: Motor nuclei of cranial nerves 3,7,9,10, Spinal cord: lateral gray column in sacral region, Autonomic Ganglia
  • Distribution: Motor to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular epithelium
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23
Q

Somatic Afferent Neuron
Type
Cell body location
distribution of impulses

A
  • Type: pseudounipolar
  • Location: Retinal and sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves
  • Distribution: Sensory form retinal (vision), internal ear (audition and balance), skin, skeletal muscle bonds and joints
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24
Q

Visceral Afferent Neuron
Type
Cell body location
distribution of impulses

A
  • Type Pseudounipolar
  • Location: Nasal mucosa and sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves
  • Distribution: Sensory from nasal mucosa (smell), oral mucosa (taste), and deep body organs
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25
Q

3 functions of glial cells

A
  • Support cells for neurons
  • make up about half of the volume of the nervous system
  • found in both PNS and CNS, but CNS has a greater variety
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26
Q

Glial cells in the CNS (4)

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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27
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Largest and most numerous
  • Maintain the blood brain barrier (cell membrane)
  • have feet that surround capillaries and secrete chemicals so fluid can’t get through (hormones, amino acids)
  • create a framework for CNS
  • Do repairs on damage neural tissues.
  • Can look like stars
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28
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • Small and have fewer processes than astrocytes
  • wraps (secretes) myelin sheath around axons and make an electrical insulation
  • helps electrical signals move faster because they skip over the sheath cover parts
  • myelinated axons are white matter
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29
Q

Microglia

A
  • Smallest and least numerous
  • White blood cells
  • These are specialized phagocytic leukocytes that are the defense system and clean up crew for the CNS
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30
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • Cuboidal epithelial cells
  • line the cavities in the CNS filled with cerebrospinal fluid
  • found in the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain.
  • NO basement membrane
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31
Q

Glial cells in the PNS (2)

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

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32
Q

Satellite cells

A
  • the PNS equivalent of astrocytes.

- Surround and support neuron cell bodies

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33
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • Rough equivalent of the oligodendrocyte
  • Cover every axon outside the CNS
  • it BECOMES not secretes myelin to cover axons
  • can wrap around a lot of axons, but they need to be arranged in such a way that the cell body can wrap around all of them.
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34
Q

Depolarization

A

Moving the voltage of the membrane potential toward 0 mV

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35
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Moving the coltage of the membrane potential even more negative than -70 mV. Get more polarized than before

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36
Q

Graded potential

A

changing the membrane potential locally in response to a stimulus. all cells can do this. Does not spread

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37
Q

Action potential

A

Changing the membrane potential in a cell that’s excitable (not all cells can do this) to make a propagating change in membrane potential. In nerves, these are called nerve impulses

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38
Q

Steps to transmission fo a nerve impulse

A

step 1: signal is generated and goes to the axon hillock
step 2: membrane of the hillock depolarizes to the threshold, allowing action to occur
Step 3: Na+ channels open Na goes INTO the cell and depolarizes the membrane until it hits the threshold (+30 mV)
Step 4: Na channels close
Step 5: K Channels open and K moves OUT of the cell and repolarizes or hyperpolarizes the cell (-90 mV)
Step 6: K channels close
Step 7: Na/K ion pumps exchange ions to reset membrane (refractory period)

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39
Q

Name 3 cells that nerves talk to

A
  • Other Neurons
  • Muscle cells
  • Glandular cells
40
Q

Synapse

A

The terminal end of the neuron is a set of synapses, were the nerve transfers information to the next cell or set of cells

41
Q

Synaptic process

A
  • Step 1: action potential arrives and depolarizes the axon terminal
  • Step 2: the axon terminal releases the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
  • Step 3: the neurotransmitter binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane
  • (if the signaling causes threshold depolarization then the action potential continues on the new neuron)
  • Step 4: the neurotransmitter is removed by an enzyme
42
Q

Name to neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Norepinephrine

43
Q

Reflex

A

A rapid, automatic response to a specific stimulus.

- Designed to be homeostatic adjustment

44
Q

Types of reflexes (2)

A

Monosynaptic reflex

polysynaptic reflex

45
Q

Monosynaptic reflex

A
  • only ONE synapse between signal and response
  • The AFFERENT neuron synapse directly on the EFFERENT neuron (synapse in the spinal cord)

Ex: Stretching muscles, doctor knee reflex

46
Q

Polysynaptic reflex

A

Have more that one synapse between the start of the afferent signal and the end of the efferent signal.
- Takes longer but does more stuff
Ex: withdraw you arm/ body when you touch a hot surface

47
Q

Meninges

A

CNS organ covering/ membrane

there are three of them

48
Q

the 3 layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia Mater

49
Q

Meninges: Dura Mater

A
  • Most external
  • tough and fibrous
    has two layers of fibrous tissue
    - outer layer: fused to skull but NOT to vertebrae
    - inner layer: space between it and the outer layer filled with blood vessels and tissue fluids. Makes Dural folds that act like a seat belt for the brain
50
Q

Meninges: arachnoid mater

A
  • Middle layer
  • made of simple squamous epithelial tissue
  • has a subarachnoid space filled with cerebrospinal fluid and a network of collagen and elastic fibers that look like a spider web
51
Q

Meninges: Pia Mater

A
  • Deepest layer
  • firmly bound to the neural tissue underneath
  • highly vascular
  • brings the blood vessels close to the brain so the brain can get easy access to the nutrients it desperately needs
  • contains capillaries
52
Q

Cerebral hemispheres function

A

ORIGINATE

  • Conscious thoughts
  • sensations
  • intellectual functions
  • memory storage and processing
  • complex movements
53
Q

Frontal lobe function

A
  • Executive function
  • attention
  • memory
  • speech/language (side of non-dominant hand)
  • mood
  • personality
  • self-awareness
  • social and moral reasoning
54
Q

Parietal lobe function

A
  • sensation and perception
  • integrating sensory input
  • perceive what is on the outside
55
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

vision processing center

56
Q

temporal lobe function

A
  • auditory processing center

- olfactory (smell) cortex

57
Q

insular lobe function

A
  • limbic system
58
Q

major parts of the cerebrum

A

Diencephalon

- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Epithalamiums
59
Q

Thalamus function

A

Relay and processing centers for sensory information

60
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Contains centers involved with

  • emotions
  • autonomic function
  • hormone production
  • connected to the pituitary gland

Means below the thalamus

61
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • the master gland

- connects to the nervous and endocrine system

62
Q

Epithalamus function

A

Contains the pineal gland

63
Q

Parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

64
Q

Cerebellum functions

A
  • Adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory information and stored memories of previous movements
  • responsible for proprioception (knowing where your body is in space)
  • Coordinates balance and the movement of limbs and trunk
65
Q

Parts of the Brainstem

A

Midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

66
Q

Midbrain function

A
  • process visual and auditory info
  • generate involuntary motor responses
  • essential for maintaining consciousness
67
Q

Pons function

A
  • connects cerebellum to brain stem
  • contains lots of relays and tracts
  • has areas involved in somatic and visceral motor control
68
Q

Medulla oblongata function

A
  • relays sensory info to thalamus and other brainstem centers
  • contains the major centers that regulate autonomic functions (e.g. heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestive activities)
  • connects brain to spinal cord
69
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid function

A

transports dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products, like blood and lymph.
- also acts as a shock absorber

70
Q

Brain Nucleus

A

Cluster of neruons in the CNS.

They usually have roughly similar connections and functions.

71
Q

Gyrus

A

Fold or ridge in the brain

top of the mountain

72
Q

sulcus

A
  • Groove between gyri

- The valley

73
Q

Tract

A

bundle of neurons forming a neural pathway that connects relatively distant areas of the brain

74
Q

Limbic system definition

A

Functional (not anatomic) grouping of different nuclei, gyri, and tracts along the border between the cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon.
- makes you want to perform complex tasks

75
Q

Limbic system function

A
  • Establish emotional states
  • Link the conscious with the subconscious, intellectual functions of the cerebral cortex with the unconscious and autonomic function of the brainstem
  • aid long-term memory storage and retrieval
  • makes you want to perform complex tasks
76
Q

Parts of the limbic system (4)

A

Amygdala
hippocampus
fornix
hypothalamus

77
Q

Amygdala

A

Multiple nuclei that link the limbic system, cerebrum, and various sensory systems
- play a role in regulating heart rate, responding to fear and anxiety, controlling fight or flight response, and linking emotions with specific memories

78
Q

Hippocampus

A

important in learning and storing long-term memory

- If i saw a hippo on campus I would remember it

79
Q

Fornix

A

Track of white matter that connects hippocampus and hypothalamus

80
Q

Hypothalamus

A

has centers that control

  • emotional states such as rage, fear, and sexual arousal
  • reflex movements that can be consciously controlled (e.g. chewing, licking, swallowing)
81
Q

PNS functions

A
  • Links the CNS to the rest of the body and its internal and external environments
  • carries all sensory info to the CNS
  • Carries all motor commands from the CNS to the rest of the body
82
Q

Name CN nerves in order 1-12

A

Remember: Ooh, Ooh, Ooh, To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet. Ah Heaven!

I= Olfactory bulb
II= Optic
III= Oculomotor
IV= Trochlear
V= Trigeminal
VI= Abducens
VII= Facial
VIII= Vestibulocochlear
IX= Glossopharyngeal
X= Vagus
XI= Accessory
XII= Hypoglossal
83
Q

List type of CNs in order

A 
Remember: Some Say Marry Money Buy My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
I= Special sensory
II= Special sensory
III= Motor
IV= Motor
V= Both
VI= Motor
VII= Both
VIII= Special sensory
IX=Both
X= Both
XI= Motor
XII= Motor
84
Q

CN 1

A

Name: Olfactory bulb
Type: Special sensory
Function: Transmits the sense of smell from the nasal cavity

85
Q

CN 2

A

Name: Optic nerve
Type: Special sensory
Function: Transmits visual signals from the retina of the eye to the brain

86
Q

CN 3

A

Name: oculomotor
Type: motor

Function: which collectively perform most eye movements.
- Inferior rectus, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, and intrinsic muscles of the eye

87
Q

CN 4

A

Name: Trochlear
Type: Motor
Function: superior oblique muscle of the eye which depresses, rotates laterally, and intorts the eyeball.

88
Q

CN 5

A

Name: Trigeminal
Type: both

Sensory functions: sensation from the face
Motor: chewing muscles

89
Q

CN 6

A

Name: Abducens
Type: motor
Function: Lateral rectus muscle of the eye which abducts the eye

90
Q

CN 7

A

Name: Facial
Type: Both

Sensory function: taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Motor function: Face muscles, lacrimal (tear) gland, and salivary glands

91
Q

CN 8

A

Name: Vestibulocochlear
Type: Special sensory

Function:
Cochlea= receptors for hearing,
Vestibule= receptors for motion and balance

92
Q

CN 9

A

Name: Glossopharyngeal
Type: Both

Sensory Function: 1/3 of tongue taste, pharynx and part of the palate. Receptors for blood pressure, pH, oxygen, and CO2
sensation at the back of your mouth and nose

Motor function: Pharyngeal muscles, parotid salivary glands,

93
Q

CN 10

A

Name: Vagus
Type: Both

Sensory function: : pharynx, auricle and external acoustic meatus (part of external ear), diaphragm, visceral organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Motor Functions: palatal and pharyngeal muscles, visceral organs in thoracic an abdominopelvic cavities. controls muscles for voice and resonance and the soft palate.

94
Q

CN 11

A

Name: Accessory
Type: Motor
Function: moves sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Also helps vagus with voluntary muscles of palate, pharynx and larynx

95
Q

CN 12

A

Name: Hypoglossal
Type: Motor
Function: Tongue muscles

Anatomy 1090 (18 decks)

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