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Anatomy 1090 > Chapter 14: Lymphatic system and immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Lymphatic system and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 functions of the lymphatic system

A
  • Returns fluid and solutes from the peripheral tissues to the blood, and keeps interstitial fluid consistent throughout the body
  • Produce, maintain, and distribute Lymphocytes
  • Distribute Hormones nutrients, and waste products from their tissues of origin to the general circulation
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2
Q

what is Lymph

A

LIQUID

it’s like plasma in blood, but with fewer protiens

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3
Q

what is in the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph
lymphatic vessels
lymphocytes
lymphatic tissues and organs

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4
Q

what are primary lymphoid tissues and organs?

A

Where lymphocytes are made

  • red bone marrow
  • thymus
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5
Q

What are secondary lymphoid tissues and organs?

A

where lymphocytes are activated and mass produced

  • spleen
  • appendix
  • Lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • Malt
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6
Q

What is Malt

A

AKA Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
- mucus(ish) that is found in and protects the epithelium of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

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7
Q

how are lymphatic capillaries different from CV capillaries?

A

CV capillaries leak fluid OUT

  • The simple squamous epithelium of lymphatic capillaries has an overlap that acts as a one-way valve.
  • Fluid and solutes and leak INTO a lymphatic capillary, but can’t get back out
  • CV=2 way
  • L=one way
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8
Q

List the 4 pressures that case CV capillaries to leak

A

1- Hydrostatic pressure on the capillary pushing blood out of the capillary
2- osmotic pressure pulling blood into the capillary
3- Hydrostatic pressure on the interstitial fluid pushing it into CV and L capillaries
4- osmotic pressure pulling blood into the interstitial fluid

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9
Q

what is the difference between lymph and interstitial fluid?

A

Interstitial Fluid:

  • is the extra cellular fluid surrounding tissues.
  • Composition standard across the whole body

Lymph:

  • transport fluid
  • moves fluid, solutes, and waste products out of lymph and to the circulation
  • home of lymphocytes
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10
Q

Name 2 types of lymphoctyes

A

B cells
T cells
Natural killers

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11
Q

What are B cells

A
  • Made in bone marrow
  • differentiate into plasma cells
  • the antibody factories
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12
Q

What are T cells

A
  • Made in the thymus

- most of the circulating lymphocytes

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13
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells

A

directly attack foreign cells or virus infected cells

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14
Q

what are Hepler T cells

A

stimulate the activities of B cells and T cells

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15
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

inhibit B cells and T cells`

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16
Q

What are Natural Killer cells

A

Help with nonspecific immunity

- monitor peripheral tissue cells for anything wrong with them

17
Q

what is innate immunity?

A
  • don’t look for anything in particular
  • prevent/limit the spread of microorganisms or other environmental hazards
  • predetermined at birth (does not need to exposure to anything)
18
Q

what is Adaptive (specific) immunity

A
  • T cells and B cells target specific antigens
  • not present at birth
  • exposure to antigen required
  • B cells and T cells make special memory cells that remain targeted to the antigen and can rapidly propagate to quickly fight off any return of the problem antigen.
19
Q

what are 2 types of specific immunity

A

Active: Exposure to antigens cause antibody development

Passive: antibodies given to you from an outside source

20
Q

What is natural immunity

A
  • Doctors not involved
  • environment leads to immunity

Natural Active: develops after exposure to the environment

Natural passive: mother pass to children through placenta and breast milk

21
Q

What is induced (acquired) immunity

A

Doctors stimulate immunity
- Artificially induced active: Develops after administration of an antigen to prevent disease. This is the principle behind vaccination.

Artificially induced passive: Antibodies are administered to combat infection

22
Q

types of innate immunity

A
  • physical barriers( skin or mucous)
  • Phagocytes
  • immune surveillance with natural killer cells
  • interferons: protein that tell target cells to make antiviral proteins to inhibit viral replication
  • Complement system
  • inflammation
  • fever
23
Q

how does the completment system produce resistance to diseas

A

set of proteins that works with antibodies to isolate pathogens, signal phagocytes to eat the target, destroy the plasma membrane of the target, and promote inflammation.

24
Q

how does inflammation produce resistance to disease

A

Caused by anything that kills cells or damages loose connective tissue, it causes tissue repair to start, slows pathogens moving away from the injury, and recruits a bunch of defenses to the area to do more repair and kill pathogens. Mast cells are key players here.

25
Q

how does fever produce resistance to disease

A

Circulating proteins can tell the hypothalamus to crank up the temperature. Many viruses and bacteria are very temperature-sensitive, so this slows them down or kills them.

26
Q

Albumin

A

plasma protein

  • most common
  • creates osmotic pressure
27
Q

immunoglobulins

A

AKA antibodies

  • plasma protein
  • bind to pathogens and other foreign materials
28
Q

Trasport globulin

A
  • plasma protein

- binds to things such as small ions and hormones that need to be carried to their destination

29
Q

Fibrinogen

A

plasma protein

  • is needed for clotting
  • it gets activated to from fibrin when clotting occurs
  • fibrin is the frame work for a clot
30
Q

IgG

A

Type of Gamma Globulins

  • most of the antibodies
  • responsible for defense against viruses, bacteria, and toxins
31
Q

IgM

A

Type of Gamma Globulins

  • first antibody made in response to initial exposure to an antigen
  • catch bad things that are missed by IgG
32
Q

IgA

A

Type of Gamma Globulins

- Antibodies found in glandular secretions and attack pathogens before they can get to the body tissues

33
Q

IgE

A

Type of Gamma Globulins

  • bound to mast cells and basophils
  • bind to antigen and release histamine and heparin to call for WBC
34
Q

IgD

A

Type of Gamma Globulins

  • on the surface of B cells
  • May help in the sensitization of B cells
35
Q

What is primary antibody response?

A
  • antigen has to activate correct B cells that respond my differentiating into plasma cells (this takes a while)
  • plasma cells are antibody factories
  • Some B cells become memory B cells and don’t become plasma cells until SECOND exposure
36
Q

what is secondary antibody response

A
  • 2nd exposure to antigen tells memory B cells to differentiate into plasma cells
    -A lot faster than Primary
    A lot stronger than primary
    -Memory B cells live a long time, so the secondary response can be vigorous decades after an initial exposure.
37
Q

how do autoimmune diseases develop?

A

Sometimes, an autoantibody slips through the tolerance checks, so you naturally make an antibody against self (autoantibody). This is the problem in type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis.

  • A few pathogenic antigens look enough like self proteins (especially in the myelin sheath) that the antibodies to those antigens also hit self proteins, causing autoimmune diseases such as myasthenia gravis.

Anatomy 1090 (18 decks)

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