Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 1090 > Chapter 10 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine

A

secretes its product into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

exocrine

A

secretes its product onto a body surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hormone

A

Chemical messenger released by one tissue into blood, then transported to target cells in other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Target

A

cells that have the receptor for the hormone and can “read” the message

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

-Statin

A

regulatory hormone that inhibits release of another hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

-tropin

A

regulatory hormone that “turns on” another endocrine gland or supports the function of another organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

functions of the endocrine system

A
  • tells your body what homeostasis is and makes it happen
  • metabolism: for all organ systems, adjusts metabolic rate and use of substances, such as glucose, triglycerides, and amino acids
  • regulates growth and development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Amino acid derivative

A

the hormone is made by modifying an amino acid.

Ex: melatonin, Thyroid hormone, Epinephrine (adrenaline), Norepinephrine (in neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Made of chains of amino acids.

  • The short chains, such as oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are called POLYPEPTIDE hormones
  • the long chains, including everything made by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys, hear thymus digestive tract and pancreas, are called PROTEIN hormones
  • most hormones are PROTIEN hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

lipid derivatives

A

lipid based hormones.

- receptors are in the nucleolus, not in the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

two types of lipid derivatives

A

steroid hormones: based on CHOLESTEROL. Made by reproductive organs and adrenal glands

  • eicosanoids: fatty acid based Ex: prostaglandins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

acts on kidneys to decrease amount of water lost in urine, keeps you from peeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Oxytocin

A

stimulates labor contractions, release of breast milk, and possibly affects smooth muscle contraction of relevant tubes during sexual intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located

A

below the thalamus

- part of the dicephalon which is part of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what 2 hormones does the hypothalamus secrete into the whole body

A
  • Anitdiuretic hormone
  • oxytocin
  • both are secreted by the pituitary gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

another name for the hypothalamus

A

the master of master glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the hypothlamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

a portal system is a blood flow that takes all of the hormone to the target cells before anything else can see the hormone. Hypothalamic regulatory hormones go straight to the pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the two classes of hormones that the hypothalamus releases

A

Releasing hormones: tell the anterior thyroid to release one of its hormones

inhibiting hormones: tell the anterior thyroid not to release one of its hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does the hypo thalamus control with the adrenal medullae?

A

it controls the sympathetic output to the adrenal medullae and controls how much SNS stimuli they get

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

adrenal medullae (center)

A

secrete their hormones when the SNS is activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

location of the pituitary gland

A

located in the sella turcica: the saddle-shaped depression in the interior of the sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

name the 2 parts of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary

posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anterior pituitary

A
  • made of glandular tissue: in its own gland
  • secretes
    • THYROID-STIMULATING hormone (TSH) - ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC hormone (ADH),
    • FOLLICLE-STIMULATING hormone (FSH),
    • LUTEINIZING hormone (LH),
    • PROLACTIN,
    • GROWTH hormone
    • MELANOCYTE- STIMULATING hormone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Contains axons from the hypothalamus

- secretes ADH and Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Triggers the release of thyroid hormones

- Part of the Anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates the outer layer of the adrenal glands to secrete special steroid hormones called glucocorticoids, which regulate glucose metabolism
- Part of the Anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

promotes follicle development in the ovaries and stimulates the secretions of estrogen, also supports sperm production

  • promotes formation of ova and sperm
  • Part of the Anterior pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Induces ovulation, also stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone to prepare for a possible pregnancy,

  • in males, it stimulates androgen production (testosterone)
  • Part of the Anterior pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

prolactin

A

Helps to stimulate mammary gland development. Stimulates breast milk production.
- Part of the Anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Growth hormone

A

Stimulates cell growth and replication by speeding up the rate of protein synthesis.

  • skeletal muscle cells and chondrocytes are particularly susceptible to GH
  • Part of the Anterior pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

2 ways growth hormones speed up growing process

A

indirect

Direct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Growth hormone: indirect

A

indirect: tells the liver cells to make insulin-like growth factors, which stimulate increased protein synthesis in a variety of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

growth hormone: direct

A

Direct: stimulates division of stems cells and differentiation of daughter cells. Also tells cells to break down fatty acids and break down glycogen instead of just using their glucose stores

34
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates the melanocytes in the skin to increase their production of melanin.

35
Q

Hyothalamo-hypophyseal TRACT;

A

1- Starts in the hypothalamus
2- ends in the POSTERIOR pituitary gland
3- made of nerve axons
4- the hormones transported are the posterior pituitary hormones, OXYTOCIN and ADH

36
Q

what is the hypophyseal

A

old name for the pituitary gland

37
Q

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal PORTAL system

A

1- Made of capillary (blood vessels) network that runs from the hypothalamus through the infundibulum [stalk] connecting it to the pituitary
2- ends in the anterior pituitary gland
3- transports all regulatory hormones
4- deals with blood

38
Q

Regulatory hormones

A
  • THYROTORPIN-RELEASING hormone
  • CORTOCOTROPIN-RELEASING hormone
  • GONADOTROPIN-RELEASIGN hormone
  • PROLACTIN RELEASONG factor
  • PROLACTIN-INHIBITING hormone
  • GROWTH hormone
39
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

A
  • Regulatory hormone
  • stimulates release of TSH
  • also known as thyrotropin
  • turns on the thyroid gland
40
Q

corticotropin-releasing hormone

A
  • regulatory hormone

- stimulates the release of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

41
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

stimulates the release of FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)

42
Q

prolactin-releasing factor

A

stimulates release of prolactin

43
Q

prolactin-inhibiting hormone

A

inhibits release of prolactin

44
Q

Growth regulatory Hormone

A

has both releasing and inhibiting hormones

45
Q

Thyroid gland: location

A

Anterior neck, inferior to “adams apple” its on the anterior surface of the larynx

46
Q

thyroid gland: structure

A

*Second true endocrine organ
left and right lobes are connected by an isthmus. This is so it fits on the neck
- each lobe functions the same way.

47
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland

* first true endocrine organ

48
Q

Calcitonon

A

thyroid gland hormone
- Calcitonin cells, are squished between this epithelium and the basement membrane of the thyroid tissue
- Helps regulate calcium ion concentrations in body fluids.
- ONLY IMPORTANT IN CHILDHOOD when it stimulates active bone growth and calcium deposition in the skeleton
-

49
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A
  • third true endocrine organ

- 4 tiny oval glands located behind the thyroid

50
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

goal is to get more calcium in the blood

  • activates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts.
  • tells kidneys to stop urinating calcium
  • tells kidneys to secrete calcitriol to tell the digestive system to absorb more calcium
51
Q

Adrenal glands

A
  • fourth true endocrine organ
  • location: on the kidneys
  • 2 yellow pyramid shaped glands
52
Q

Adrenal glands

A
  • fourth true endocrine organ
  • location: on the kidneys
  • 2 yellow pyramid shaped glands
53
Q

two layers of the adrenal gland

A 
Adrenal cortex (outer part)
adrenal medulla (inner part)
54
Q

Three part of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculate
zona reticularis

55
Q

zona Glomerulosa

A

SALT!
Produces Aldosterone hormone
- tells the kidneys to reabsorb more SALT

56
Q

Zona Fasciculata

A

SUGAR!
makes hormones called GLUCOCORTICOIDS and CORTISOL
- they tell:
- skeletal muscle: release amino acids
- adipose: release lipids
- liver: make more glucose
- tell cells to use fatty acids instead of glucose stores

57
Q

Zona Reticularis

A

SEX
produces androgens (sex hormones)
- what stimulates the development of pubic hair before puberty in both sexes
- released before puberty

58
Q

Adrenal medulla

A
  • produces Epinephrine/adrenaline and norepinephrine
  • both increase cardiac activity, blodd pressure, glycogen breakdown, and glucose levels
  • get you ready for a fight or flight response
59
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • the 5th true endocrine organ
  • located: in the epithalamus, in the posterior portion of the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
  • made of neural cells, glial cells and secretory cells
60
Q

Pineal gland secretes

A

Melatonin: which helps regulate your body’s day-night cycle.

  • also helps control the timing and release of female reproductive hormones.
  • good antioxidant, so it may be neuroprotective and even cardio protective
61
Q

name the 5 true organs of the endocrine system

A 
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid
Adrenal glands
pineal gland
62
Q

endocrine pancreas

A
  • j shaped organ dee in the epigastric region
  • 99% of the pancreas is devoted to the making of (exocrine) digestive enzymes
  • 1% is dedicated to making to hormones
    • insulin
    • glucagon
63
Q

insulin

A

lowers blood glucose levels

  • secreted when glucose is abundant.
  • tells cells to use glucose rather than alternate energy source
  • gets glucose our of your blood stream
64
Q

glucagon

A

increases blood glucose levels

  • secrete when blood sugar is low
  • tells organs to break things down to create more glucose
65
Q

hormones made by the kidneys

A

Calcitriol
Erythropoietin
renin

66
Q

Calcitriol

A

Active form of vitamin D

  • stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphate by the digestive tract
  • secreted in response to parathyroid hormone
67
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Kidneys see low oxygen levels in blood and secrete this to the tell the re bone marrow to make fore erythrocytes

68
Q

renin

A

secrete this when they see low blood pressure and/or volume

  • really an enzyme
  • activates another hormone called
  • Angiotensin II which stimulates thirst, elevates blood pressure, and tells adrenal glands to make aldosterone
69
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A
  • made by cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium (1st place heart sees blood returning)
  • released when muscles cells are stretched because of too much blood volume
  • ANP is the anti-angiotensin II.
  • it tells the kidneys to get rid of salt and water
  • inhibits renin, ADH, and aldosterone secretion
  • decreases blood pressured and volume
70
Q

Thymus

A
  • The snail shaped organ in the anterior mediastinum
  • big in babies, but gets smaller in adults
  • an immune organ (where T cells are made) so it’s hormones the thymosins, are involved in the developing and maintaining immune defenses
71
Q

Testes

A

make androgens most notably testosterone

72
Q

Testosterone

A

promotes production of functional sperm

  • determines distribution of facial hair and body fat
  • affects protein synthesis and muscle growth, and aggressive behavioral responses
  • needed for development of male reproductive organs in the fetus
73
Q

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) and testes

A

stimulates testicular growth

  • help with sperm production
  • stimulates testes to release INHIBIN which regulates sperm production
74
Q

Estrogen and steroid hormones

A
  • support the maturation of the egg cell and stimulate the growth of the lining of the uterine
75
Q

Inhibin

A

does negative feedback in both sexes

76
Q

progesterone

A

speeds up the movement of fertilized eggs along the uterine tubes,,
- prepares the uterus for the arrival of an embryo, and causes the mammary glands to enlarge

77
Q

Leptin

A

Released by adipose tissue

  • reduces suppresses appetite
  • leptin is necessary for the development of puberty and fertility
78
Q

Anatgonistic effects

A

hormones oppose each other

Ex: insulin and glucagon

79
Q

Permissive effect

A

hormone one needs to be present for hormone two to work

ex: epinephrine needs thyroid hormone around to work

80
Q

synergistic effect

A

the whole is greate than the sum of its parts–putting tow hormones together produces more bang than the sum of what either would do alone
ex: glucose-sparing effects of growth hormone and glucocorticoids

81
Q

integrative effect

A

hormones do different things, but work together to coordinate the activities of diverse physiologic systems
ex: calcitriol and PTH

Anatomy 1090 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions