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Anatomy 1090 > Chapter 7 Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle

A
  • Move the skeleton
  • Maintain posture and body position
  • Support soft tissues
  • Guard entrances and exits
  • Maintain body temperature
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2
Q

Tissues in Skeletal muscle

A
  • Skeletal muscle tissue
  • Connective tissue proper: tendons and ensheathments
  • Smooth muscle tissue
  • Epithelium
  • Nervous tissue
  • Blood
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3
Q

Myofibrils

A

Actin and myosin are arranged in long fibers.

- these do the contraction, and there are lots of them in each muscle fiber

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4
Q

T Tubules

A
  • Surround the myofibrils
  • are transverse passageways that run the length of the fiber
  • carry information across the cell so the whole fiber contracts together.
  • talks to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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5
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

stores lots of calcium ions, which when released start a contraction

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6
Q

Fascicles

A

-Bundles of skeletal Muscle fibers surrounded or enclosed with endomysium connective tissue.

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7
Q

Endomysium

A
  • part of a skeletal muscle
  • surrounds/encloses fascicles
  • help repair damaged tissue
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8
Q

perimysium

A

Gaps around various fascicles are filled with perimysium

- divides muscles into compartments between the fascicles

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9
Q

Epimysium

A

Collagen sheath/ barrier or membrane of the muscle

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10
Q

Relation between endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium is. . .

A

The collagen fibers of all 3 connective tissue layers connect at the ends of the muscle to form one of tow structures:

  • Tendon
  • Aponeurosis
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11
Q

Tendon

A

Bundle of collagen (dense Regular connective tissue) hooking muscle to bone

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12
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Broad sheet of collagen fibers connecting a muscle to the next muscle

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13
Q

sarcomere

A
  • is the repeating unit that makes up the myofilaments of the myofibrils.
  • These are why skeletal muscle has striations, and are made of thick and thin filaments
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14
Q

Dark, Thick filaments are made of

A

Myosin

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15
Q

Light, Thin filaments are made of

A

actin

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16
Q

H band

A

is the part of the A band that has myosin but not actin in it

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17
Q

M line

A

strands of protein arranged perpendicular to the rest of the sarcomere to keep all of the myosin aligned

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18
Q

Z line

A

The boundary between sarcomeres is made of interconnecting proteins

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19
Q

Steps of a muscle contraction

A

Step 0: Neurotransmitter Ach released
Step 1: Ach binds to muscle
Step 2: Ach changes membrane polarity start an action potential
Step 3: Action potential gets moved down the t tubules until it gets to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (stores calcium)
Step 4: calcium ion gets released into the cytoplasm
Step 5: Calcium binds to troponin which tells tropomyosin to move off of the actin
Step 6:Myosin head binds to actin (cross bridging)
Step 7: Myosin head releases ADP and phosphate to swivel its head around
Step 8: Contraction of myosin head
Step 9: Need Another ATP to release from actin and relax muscle
Step 10: Myosin breaks down new ATP into ADP and phosphate to release from actin and swivel back to it’s starting position
Step 11: resetting or builds towards tetanus

20
Q

Contraction: latent period

A

the time it takes for the action potential to result in calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

21
Q

Contraction: Contraction phase

A

Tension from the contraction of the muscle fibers peaks as myosin binds to actin and pivots

22
Q

Contraction: Relaxation phase

A

the cell resets. Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, myosin releases, and active sites are covered back up with tropomyosin.

23
Q

Tetanus (physiologic)

A

Maximum amount of muscle tension

  • Most muscles operate at incomplete tetanus where the cell is nearly at peak tension
  • complete tetanus (ex: charley horse), where the cell doesn’t have enough time to get rid of cytoplasmic calcium and allow relaxation
24
Q

Tetanus (the disease)

A
  • also called “lockjaw”
  • A bacterium enters the nervous system that causes motor neurons to be on full blast
  • This leaves your muscle in complete tetanus, so every muscle is contracting at maximum power
  • This lasts for week, if you don’t die first.
25
Q

Rigor mortis

A
  • When someone dies their cells quickly run out of ATP. – This leaves myosin stuck in the swiveled position on an actin, because it needs a new ATP to release and go back to start position.
  • Cells run out of ATP so the muscle are unable to relax
26
Q

Isotonic contraction

A
  • The muscle keeps constant tension.
  • This is what happens when you flex your forearm or lift something.
  • The muscle changes LENGTH, tension stays the same
  • requires MOVEMENT
27
Q

Isometric contraction

A
  • Tenses enough to maintain the same shape but no more. NO MOVEMENT
  • length stays the same, tension changes
  • Sitting up and holding a yoga pose are to examples.
28
Q

origin of a muscle

A

Point of attachment of a muscle which does not change position when the muscle contracts

29
Q

insertion of a muscle

A
  • part that is being pulled toward the muscle
30
Q

Angle of the joint gets smaller

A

Flexion

31
Q

Angle of the joint gets bigger

A

Extension

32
Q

movement in a circle

A

rotation

33
Q

raising movement

A

elevation

34
Q

lowering movement

A

depression

35
Q

appendage moving away form the midline

A

Abduction

36
Q

appendage moving towards the midline

A

adduction

37
Q

protraction

A

moving anteriorly

38
Q

retraction

A

moving posteriorly

39
Q

tensors

A

muscles whose goal is to tense something up

40
Q

Agonist

A

prime mover whose contraction is chiefly responsible for movement

41
Q

antagonist

A

the muscle that would pull in the opposite direction

42
Q

Synergist

A

Help the agonist do it’s job

43
Q

List the two main groups of muscles and their sub groups (7)

A 
Axial Muscles
    - Head and neck
    - spine
    - trunk and pelvic floor
Appendicular muscles
    - shoulders
    - upper limbs
    - pelvic girdle
    - lower limbs
44
Q

Muscle fatigue definition and two types

A
  • When the muscle can’t perform at the required level despite continued stimulation
  • Endurance fatigue
  • Burst fatigue
45
Q

Endurance fatigue

A
  • When muscles break down all of the energy resources they have and don’t have anything else to break down
  • occurs in marathoners and endurance athletes
46
Q

Burst fatigue

A

The muscle is used so hard that glycolysis happens creating lots of lactic acid which changes the pH so quickly that the muscle can’t do it’s job.
- occurs in sprinters

Anatomy 1090 (18 decks)

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