Chapter 3 Flashcards
Cytology means
the study of cells
Plasma Membrane functions
separates the inside from the outside of the cell
regulates traffic in and out of the cell
sensitivity to the environment
Give structural support
Plasma membrane components
Lipids: phospholipid bilayer and cholesterol
Channel proteins carrier proteins enzymes anchoring proteins Recognition proteins
Carbs: part of immune system, lubricants and adhesives, can ac as receptors
Tonicity
is the relative concentration of solutes dissolved in solution which determine the direction and extent of diffusion.
Isotonic solution
same number of solutes inside and outside the cell. Water is in equilibrium
Hypotonic solution
The cytoplasm has too many particles for the solution Water goes INTO the cell, which swells up
Hypertonic solution
The extracellular solution has too many particles compared to the cell, so water LEAVES the cell which shrivels.
Types of movement across the membrane
Passive transport
active transport
Passive transport
something that can geth through no problem. this doesn’t require energy. opening a channel protein use passive transport
ex: diffusion and osmosis
Active transport
uses energy
get things to big or too water soluble across the membrane
Types of endocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
pinocytosis
phagocytosis
Endocytosis depletes the plasma membrane
define receptor mediated endocytosis
Molecules bind themselves to receptors on the membrane of the cell and then bring both the receptors and the molecule in by endocytosis
Receptors only take in specific things, they are picky
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking,
takes in small solvated particles and liquids around the cell
Phagocytosis
how cells eat really big things
after taking it in it fuses with lysosomes to help break it down
What get exocytosed?
things the cell secretes like hormones or mucus
waste products form recycling damaged organelles
exocytosis Replenishes the plasma membrane
Cytosol/Cytoplasm
Fluid inside the cell
contains ions, proteins, organelles, contains all cell parts
Organelles
“organs” of the cell
For ex: nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes etc.
Nucleus
Control of metabolism, storage and processing of genetic info, control of protein synthesis
Contains nucleotides, enzymes, and chromatin(packages DNA)
Ribosome
Made of rRNA and proteins
It translates RNA into protein
binds to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum
2 types: rough and smooth
Rough: makes new proteins
Smooth: synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates
Golgi apparatus
Stacks of flatten membrane with central chambers
Function: cell’s post office;
take proteins made in rough ER, store, alter , and package them, then ship them out
Mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
look like little beans with folds in them
makes ATP
Cytoskeleton
proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes
Function: Strength and support, movement of cellular structures and materials
Lysosomes
Think Lysol kill bacteria
Garbage dump of the cell,
break down macromolecules,
intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens
Peroxisomes
Vesicles containing degradiative enzymes
Different type of garbage dump: They catabolize fatty acids and other organic compounds, and neutralize any toxic byproducts.
Proteasomes
destroys proteins that don’t have a vesicle
look for damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins, then feed them through the tube to get the amino acid back
Microvilli
Plasma membrane extensions containing microfilaments
increase surface area to aid absorption of extracellular materials
Cillia
look like long whips
move things over the cells surface, they move stuff around
Centrioles
bundles of microtubules
the place where microtubules grow
during cell division they move to the ends of the cell and move the chromosomes apart as a part of mitosis
Making a protein steps
Transcription: makes the mRNA which copies
Interphase
the time when a cell is growing rather than dividing 3 parts:
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
G1 phase
Normal cell functions plus cell growth; duplication fo organelles, protein sythesis
s phase
DNA is synthesized (copied so that when the cell divides, each daughter cell has a full set of DNA
G2 phase
Growth and normal function of the cell after DNA synthesis. Centrioles also duplicate themselves. protein synthesis
Mitosis
for phases Prophase Metaphase anaphase Telophase cytokinesis
