Chapter 11 Hemotology and cardiovascular Flashcards
Name the 5 main major components of the cardiovascular system and say which one is not an organ
- Heart
- Artery: away from heart
- Vein: towards the heart
- Capillary: transports/diffuses nutrients to tissues
- Blood: NOT an organ
List the functions of the Cardiovascular system 6
deliver nutrients and oxygen to the body
removes waste products from the body
protects from and removes toxins and pathogens
Regulates body temperature
reduces blood loss at site of injury (blood clots)
regulates PH and ion composition
What is in blood?
Blood is 55% Plasma and 45% blood cells
What is in Plasma?
- 92% water
- contains plasma proteins
- Other solutes (things that are dissolved in water), such as electrolytes (ions), nutrients (glucose, Fatty acids, and amino acids), and organic wastes (carbon dioxide)
What is the difference between plasma and serum
Plasma is everything in the blood that isn’t a cell
serum is everything left over after blood has clotted
Name the 4 plasma proteins
Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
What is Albumin
- Most common plasma protein
- creates osmotic pressure in the blood: keeps water inside the blood vessel and prevents it from diffusing out
What are globulins and name two subtypes of globulins
Globulins are proteins that bind to or glob onto other things.
Subtypes:
- Immunoglobulins
-Transport Globulins
Immunoglobulins
AKA antibodies
bind to pathogens, isolate them from everything else and wait for white blood cells to rip them apart.
Transport Globulins
Bind to things like small ions or hormones that need to be carried to their destination
(ex: Iron, estrogen, progesterone)
What is Fibrinogen
Protein that is needed to get the process of blood clotting started.
when clotting happens it activates to form Fibrin
What is Fibrin?
protein that is the framework of a blood clot
it is the structural steel of a clot and everything else builds upon it.
Name the four types of “formed elements” / blood cells
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Megakaryocytes
Erythrocytes
RED BLOOD CELLS
- 99.99% of blood cells
- goal is to carry oxygen to tissues and carry CO2 back to the lungs so we can breath it out
- looks like a donut.
- transports gases
Leukocytes
WHIT BLOOD CELLS
- immune cells that fight pathogens and deal with tissue damage
Platelets
CELL FRAGMENTS that are involved in blood clotting
- are formed from Megakaryocytes
Megakaryocytes
Live in bone marrow
Neutrophil
Highly mobile phagocyte, “first responders”
Basophil
Releases histamine and heparin
Eosinophil
Phagocyte that reacts to antibodies
monocyte/Macrophage
professional phagocyte, “clean up crew”
Erythropoiesis
formation of red blood cells in red bone marrow
Hemocytoblasts
the stem cells that differentiate into erythrocytes
Erythroblasts
Matured erythrocytes that synthesize hemoglobin(protein that carries oxygen)
Life cycle of an erythrocyte
hemocytoblasts (stem cells) form erythrocytes through erythropoiesis
the cells mature into erythroblasts that produce hemoglobin
Erythroblast will shed its nucleus and most of its organells and become a RETICULOCYTE
Reticulocytes continue synthesizing protein for a few days and then enter the blood stream and become erythrocytes
when the cell is too damaged from use (120 days) the spleen, liver and red bone marrow will destroy the cell and break down the hemoglobin for parts.
Why don’t red blood cells have nuclei
because the body needs cells that can carry oxygen but won’t use it, by shedding it’s nuclei and organelles it can’t do aerobic respiration and doesn’t need a lot of energy so it can transport oxygen quickly and easily
Why are women more susceptible to anemia
1- they loose blood and iron during their peiod every month
2- average woman has smaller iron store than men. . Iron is central to hemoglobin (literally and figuratively), so less iron means less hemoglobin means fewer RBC’s.
what is anemia
when your body doesn’t have enough functioning erythrocytes
Hemoglobin
- 95% of the protein in an a mature red blood cell
- 4 subunits that contain heme
- heme contains iron that has a very weak bond with oxygen.
- the weak bond is necessary because the oxygen needs to diffuse out easily
- once oxygen has been delivered the hemoglobin can also bind to CO2
ABO blood type system
- Determines blood type based on what types of antigens are on your red blood cells
- divide into categories of A, B, AB, and O
- O doesn’t have antigens so it cannot accept A or B blood
- AB doesn’t have antibodies so it can be given to anyone
RH blood type system
Blood is labeled + or - based on if they have the RHESUS FACTOR antigen or not.
With RH= +
with out RH= -
Need to be exposed to RH in order to develop anti-RH antibodies
why do blood types matter
if you are not given the right blood type your antibodies will attack the new blood and make you sick or even kill you
what is coagulation
Fibrin covering platelet to make a clot
- 30 sec into the bleed proteins called clotting factors create a cascade of activation that ends with fibrinogen getting activated into Fibrin
- . Fibrin is water-insoluble, and tangles up a bunch of platelets and other blood cells to form the final clot.
What is Glutination
antibodies covering red blood cells
Common pathway process
- Both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways exist to activate Factor x.
- Factor X activates an enzyme complex that activates the proenzyme prothrombin, turning it into thrombin.
- Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin, which forms a clot as previously discussed.
- You need vitamin K and calcium for the clotting cascade to work.
- The clot exists to (1) plug the hole and (2) reduce the size of the damaged area to make it easier for repair to happen.
