Chapter 11 Hemotology and cardiovascular

Question 1

Name the 5 main major components of the cardiovascular system and say which one is not an organ

Answer 1

• Heart
• Artery: away from heart
• Vein: towards the heart
• Capillary: transports/diffuses nutrients to tissues
• Blood: NOT an organ

Question 2

List the functions of the Cardiovascular system 6

Answer 2

deliver nutrients and oxygen to the body
removes waste products from the body
protects from and removes toxins and pathogens
Regulates body temperature
reduces blood loss at site of injury (blood clots)
regulates PH and ion composition

Question 3

What is in blood?

Answer 3

Blood is 55% Plasma and 45% blood cells

Question 4

What is in Plasma?

Answer 4

• 92% water
• contains plasma proteins
• Other solutes (things that are dissolved in water), such as electrolytes (ions), nutrients (glucose, Fatty acids, and amino acids), and organic wastes (carbon dioxide)

Question 5

What is the difference between plasma and serum

Answer 5

Plasma is everything in the blood that isn’t a cell

serum is everything left over after blood has clotted

Question 6

Name the 4 plasma proteins

Answer 6

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Fibrin

Question 7

What is Albumin

Answer 7

• Most common plasma protein

- creates osmotic pressure in the blood: keeps water inside the blood vessel and prevents it from diffusing out

Question 8

What are globulins and name two subtypes of globulins

Answer 8

Globulins are proteins that bind to or glob onto other things.
Subtypes:
- Immunoglobulins
-Transport Globulins

Question 9

Immunoglobulins

Answer 9

AKA antibodies

bind to pathogens, isolate them from everything else and wait for white blood cells to rip them apart.

Question 10

Transport Globulins

Answer 10

Bind to things like small ions or hormones that need to be carried to their destination
(ex: Iron, estrogen, progesterone)

Question 11

What is Fibrinogen

Answer 11

Protein that is needed to get the process of blood clotting started.
when clotting happens it activates to form Fibrin

Question 12

What is Fibrin?

Answer 12

protein that is the framework of a blood clot

it is the structural steel of a clot and everything else builds upon it.

Question 13

Name the four types of “formed elements” / blood cells

Answer 13

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
Megakaryocytes

Question 14

Erythrocytes

Answer 14

RED BLOOD CELLS

• 99.99% of blood cells
• goal is to carry oxygen to tissues and carry CO2 back to the lungs so we can breath it out
• looks like a donut.
• transports gases

Question 15

Leukocytes

Answer 15

WHIT BLOOD CELLS

- immune cells that fight pathogens and deal with tissue damage

Question 16

Platelets

Answer 16

CELL FRAGMENTS that are involved in blood clotting

- are formed from Megakaryocytes

Question 17

Megakaryocytes

Answer 17

Live in bone marrow

Question 18

Neutrophil

Answer 18

Highly mobile phagocyte, “first responders”

Question 19

Basophil

Answer 19

Releases histamine and heparin

Question 20

Eosinophil

Answer 20

Phagocyte that reacts to antibodies

Question 21

monocyte/Macrophage

Answer 21

professional phagocyte, “clean up crew”

Question 22

Erythropoiesis

Answer 22

formation of red blood cells in red bone marrow

Question 23

Hemocytoblasts

Answer 23

the stem cells that differentiate into erythrocytes

Question 24

Erythroblasts

Answer 24

Matured erythrocytes that synthesize hemoglobin(protein that carries oxygen)

Question 25

Life cycle of an erythrocyte

Answer 25

hemocytoblasts (stem cells) form erythrocytes through erythropoiesis
the cells mature into erythroblasts that produce hemoglobin
Erythroblast will shed its nucleus and most of its organells and become a RETICULOCYTE
Reticulocytes continue synthesizing protein for a few days and then enter the blood stream and become erythrocytes
when the cell is too damaged from use (120 days) the spleen, liver and red bone marrow will destroy the cell and break down the hemoglobin for parts.

Question 26

Why don’t red blood cells have nuclei

Answer 26

because the body needs cells that can carry oxygen but won’t use it, by shedding it’s nuclei and organelles it can’t do aerobic respiration and doesn’t need a lot of energy so it can transport oxygen quickly and easily

Question 27

Why are women more susceptible to anemia

Answer 27

1- they loose blood and iron during their peiod every month
2- average woman has smaller iron store than men. . Iron is central to hemoglobin (literally and figuratively), so less iron means less hemoglobin means fewer RBC’s.

Question 28

what is anemia

Answer 28

when your body doesn’t have enough functioning erythrocytes

Question 29

Hemoglobin

Answer 29

• 95% of the protein in an a mature red blood cell
• 4 subunits that contain heme
• heme contains iron that has a very weak bond with oxygen.
• the weak bond is necessary because the oxygen needs to diffuse out easily
• once oxygen has been delivered the hemoglobin can also bind to CO2

Question 30

ABO blood type system

Answer 30

• Determines blood type based on what types of antigens are on your red blood cells
• divide into categories of A, B, AB, and O
• O doesn’t have antigens so it cannot accept A or B blood
• AB doesn’t have antibodies so it can be given to anyone

Question 31

RH blood type system

Answer 31

Blood is labeled + or - based on if they have the RHESUS FACTOR antigen or not.
With RH= +
with out RH= -
Need to be exposed to RH in order to develop anti-RH antibodies

Question 32

why do blood types matter

Answer 32

if you are not given the right blood type your antibodies will attack the new blood and make you sick or even kill you

Question 33

what is coagulation

Answer 33

Fibrin covering platelet to make a clot

• 30 sec into the bleed proteins called clotting factors create a cascade of activation that ends with fibrinogen getting activated into Fibrin
• . Fibrin is water-insoluble, and tangles up a bunch of platelets and other blood cells to form the final clot.

Question 34

What is Glutination

Answer 34

antibodies covering red blood cells

Question 35

Common pathway process

Answer 35

• Both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways exist to activate Factor x.
• Factor X activates an enzyme complex that activates the proenzyme prothrombin, turning it into thrombin.
• Thrombin turns fibrinogen into fibrin, which forms a clot as previously discussed.
• You need vitamin K and calcium for the clotting cascade to work.
• The clot exists to (1) plug the hole and (2) reduce the size of the damaged area to make it easier for repair to happen.