Chapter 6 Skeletal System Flashcards
List the two functions of the skeletal system and the sub functions under each
Physical - Structural support - Protection - Leverage (movement) Metabolic - storage of calcium, phosphate and lipids - Blood cell production
Name 4 tissue types in bone
- Reticular connective tissue with blood (red bone marrow)
- adipose connective tissue (yellow bone marrow)
- Compact bone/Osseous tissue
- Spongy bone
List 3 types of bone cells
- Osteocytes
- osteoblasts
- osteoclasts
Function of Osteocytes
Adult/fully developed bones cells
- keep up compact bone by recycling calcium salts and assisting in repair
function of osteoblasts
baby bone cells (haven’t differentiated yet.)
- build more bone
Function of Osteoclasts
- huge cells that break down bone
- cut up bony matrix
Name 4 different bone shapes/types
- long bones
- short bones
- flat bones
- irregular bones
Long bones description and example
longer than they are wide. They have a long shaft and have two circular knobs at each end.
Ex: Femur and humerus
Short bones description and example
have roughly equal dimensions
Ex: Carpal and Tarsal bones
Flat bones description and example
thin and broad and are roughly cubes
Ex: Ribs and scapulae
Irregular bones description and example
have weird shapes that don’t fit into one of the other categories
Ex: vertebrae and many skull bones
Axial skeleton
head, neck, and trunk
appendicular skeleton
the four limbs plus the shoulder bones and pelvic girdle
parts of a long bone (2)
Epiphysis: Big knobs at the end of the bone. Have spongy bone in them
diaphysis: The shaft of the bone. Contains the bone marrow cavity
Name two types of bone development
- Intramembranous ossification
- endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification process
- Osteoblasts differentiate from embryonic or fetal fibrous connective tissue when the matrix starts to calcify.
- Osteoblasts then build bone from ossification centers, and as the bone grows outward bone and osteocytes are formed.
- Blood vessels grow into the area to support the osteoblasts and get trapped in the bone.
- This method is how the flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles form.
Ossification
Changing other tissues into bone
the skeleton starts out as what kind of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
endochondral ossification process
REVIEW THIS!!!
four regions of the skull
- frontal
- parietal (2 bones)
- temporal (2 bones)
- occipital
Zygomatic bones
Cheek bones
Nasal bone
Bridge of your nose
Maxilla
2 bones that make up your upper jaw
Mandible
lower jaw
Sphenoid bone
in the center of the skull behind the eyes
looks like a pair of wings
Cheek bones
Zygomatic bones
Bridge of your nose
nasal bones
upper jaw
maxilla
2 bones
lower jaw
Mandible
In the center of the skull
looks like a pair of wings
Sphenoid bone
unpaired skull bones
Fontal
occipital
sphenoid
mandible
List the 5 types of vertebrae and how many there are
- Cervical are in the neck–7
- Thoracic are in the thoracic region and connect to the ribs–12
- Lumbar are in the dorsal abdominal region–5
- Sacrum has four pairs of holes– 5 fused
- Coccyx is the tail bone–4 fused
C1 vertebrae
called the atlas
flattest vertebrae
talks with the skull
“holds the world of your brain”
C2 Vertebrae
called the axis
has a big superior projection called the dens
“The world then spins on the axis”
breastbone is called
Sternum
How many pairs of ribs?
12
True ribs
Costal cartilage directly connects to the sternum
ribs 1-7 are true ribs
False Ribs
don’t connect with the sternum they connect with rib 7’s costal cartilage
Ribs 8-12 are false ribs
Floating ribs
no connection at all to the sternum
ribs 11-12 are floating ribs
collar bones are called
clavicles
shoulder blades
scapula
upper arm bone
Humerus
Two bones in the forearem
Ulna–pinky finger side of bone
radius–Thumb side of bone
Wrist bones are called what? How many?
Carpal bones
8 total
bones in the palm section of hand and how many?
Metacarpal bones
5 total
number 1-5 starting at the thumb
finger bones
phalanges (singular: phalanx)
hip or coxal bones
ilium–ear piece
ischium–what you hold/handle
Pubis–receiver/what you talk into
Thigh bone
Femur
Kneecap
patella
Two leg bones
Tibia–inside ankle bone
fibula–outside ankle bone
Ankle bones and how many
Tarsals
7 total
Name 3 types of joints
Fibrous
cartilaginous
Synovial
Fibrous joint
Connected by fibrous connective tissue
doesn’t move very well
Ex: skull bones
Cartilaginous joints
Connected by cartilage.
don’t move very well
Ex: Intervertebral discs
Synovial joints
All freely movable joints are synovial
Ex: elbow
What is synarthrosis?
Joint that doesn’t allow movement
3 Subcategories of synarthrosis
1- Sutures
2- Gomphosis
3- Sychondrosis
Suture joint
Under synarthrosis
- Found between skull bones
- both fibrous connection and interlocking surfaces
Gomphosis joint
Under synarthrosis
- A ligament binds a bone within a bony socket
- found in the sockets in the maxilla and mandible where teeth go.
Synchondrosis joint
under synarthrosis
- Cartilage bridge or plate
- Found connecting 1st rib pair to sternum
What is amphiarthrosis
joint that allows a bit of movement (means in the middle) like amphibian
two subcategories of amphiarthrosis
Syndesmosis
symphysis
Syndesmosis joint
Under Amphiarthrosis
- Ligamentous (fibrous) connection between two bones.
- Ex: Tibia and fibula
symphysis joint
Under Amphiarthrosis
- connection by a fibrocartilage pad.
- found in pubic symphysis (between pubic bones and intervertebral discs.
diarthrosis joint
- Allows fee movement
- synovial joints are diarthrosis
- complex joint bounded by joint capsule, containing synovial fluid
Synovial joint
- joint surfaces of bones covered with hyaline cartilage
- synovial cavity between bones is filled with fluid (for lubrication), surrounded by synovial membrane made of specialized connective tissue
- the joint has a capsule as well that covers the synovial membrane
3 types of ligaments associated with synovial joints
Extracapsular: outside the joint capsule (MCL and LCL)
-intracapsular: inside the joint capsule (ACL and PCL)
Capsular: the ligament is made of a thickening of the fibrous capsule. (shoulder and hip ligaments)
holds two joints together
ligament
extra pad of fibrocartilage
- have multiple in each knee
Meniscus
Thin, oval plate of fibrocartilage separating synovial cavities.
Similar to meniscus
Articular disc
the fibrocartilage between vertebrae
intervertebral disc
dislocation of an anatomical part
Luxation
Inflammation of a joint
Arthritis
Shoulder joint
Humeral
Elbow joint
Cubital
Wrist joint
Carpal
knuckle joint
Metacarpophalangeal joints
hip joint
Coxal
Knee joint
Genual
ankle joint
Tarsal
Where your lower jaw moves
Temporomandibular joint
Joint between occipital bone and skull
Atlanto-occipital joint
Joint between C1 and C2
Atlanto-axial joint
Flexion
Decreases the angle between articulating bones
Extension
increases the angle between articulating bones
adduction
movement toward the midsaggital plane
abduction
movement away from the midsaggital plane
rotation
turning around the longitudinal axis of a body or a limb
pronation
moves the forearm so that the wrist faces posteriorly palm down
supination
move the forearm so that the wrist faces anteriorly palm up
