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PSYC215 Social Psychology > Chapter 9: Social Influence > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social influence?

A

The many ways people affect one another, including changes in attitudes, beliefs, feelings, and behavior resulting from the comments, actions, or even the mere presence of others

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2
Q

What is conformity?

A

Changing one’s behavior in response to explicit or implicit pressure (real or imagined) from others

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3
Q

What is compliance?

A

Responding favorably to an explicit request by another person

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4
Q

What is obediance?

A

In an unequal power relationship, submitting to the demands of the person in authority

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5
Q

What is ideomotor action?

A

The phenomenon whereby merely thinking about a behavior makes performing it more likely
- brain area responsible for perception overlaps with area for action

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6
Q

What is informational social influence?

A

The influence of other people that results from taking their comments or actions as a source of information about what is correct, proper, or effective

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7
Q

What is normative social influence?

A

The influence of other people that comes from the desire to avoid their disapproval and other social sanctions (ridicule, barbs, ostacism)

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8
Q

What is internalization?

A

Private acceptance of a proposition, orientation, or ideaology

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9
Q

What is the negative state relief hypothesis?

A

The idea that people engage in certain actions, such as agreeing to a request, to relieve their negative feelings and feel better about themselves.

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10
Q

What are descriptive norms?

A

The behavior exhibited by most people in a given context

  • what is
  • informational influence
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11
Q

What are prescriptive norms?

A

The way a person is supposed to behave in a given contect, also called injunctive norm

  • what ought to be
  • normative influence
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12
Q

What is reactance theory?

A

The idea that people reassert their prerogatives in response to the unpleasant state of arousal they experience when they believe their freedoms are threatened

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13
Q

What group characteristcs determine conformity?

A
  • larger groups
  • unanimous groups
  • greater expertise
  • greater status
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14
Q

What are the three types of social influence?

A
  • conformity
  • compliance
  • obediance
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15
Q

What is an example of bad conformity?

A

going along with a mean prank in a group

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16
Q

What is an example of neutral conformity?

A

Wearing or not wearing a hat on your way to work

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17
Q

What is an example of good conformity?

A

don’t have to think about your every decision, suppresses anger, creates easier interactions

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18
Q

What is automatic mimcry?

A

mindlessly imitat, noncocious copycats (conforming to the actions/behaviors of others around you)

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19
Q

automatic mimcry experiment

A
  • participants described photo with confederate
  • confedereate told to tap foot or rub face
  • experimenters blind to condition water participants
  • participants mimiced the confederate
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20
Q

Why is the ideomotor action significant?

A

It is a potential explanation for automatic mimcry

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21
Q

Why is mimicry significant?

A

Mimicry creates smooth interactions and consequently social connection because we like to see familiar behavior

22
Q

ex. informational social influence

A
  • participants were alone in a dark room with light that appears to move
  • asked to estimate movement
  • large range of answers
  • groups of people estimating together lead to a converged range
  • one year later, individuals upheld the group estimate
23
Q

What is the significance of the Information Social influence Light Estimation Experiment?

A

It shows that people relied on the information others were providing in order to constue and process the information (estimate the movement) themselves.

24
Q

When do we use informational social influence more often?

A
  • when uncertain about what is correct or how to behave (we look for others for advice, for an example)
  • in an unfamiliar situation
25
Q

ex. normative social influence (Asch + Conformity)

A
  • participants were asked to judge the length of a line
  • answers were read aloud one by one in a group
  • confederates all gave wrong answer
  • participant conformed and gave wrong answer with the group
  • when alone the participants almost always got it right (the presence of the group changed their behavior due to normative social influence)
26
Q

What are factors that affect conformity?

A
  • group size
  • group unanimity
  • anonimity
  • expertise and status
  • culture
  • gender
27
Q

How does group size affect conformity?

A
  • the larger the group, the more likely someone is to conform
  • However, after group size of 3 or 4, answers are no longer seen as independent and conformity no longer increases
28
Q

How does group unanimity affect conformity?

A
  • increased unanimity = increase conformity

- somone else breaking conformity makes you feel confortable to break it too

29
Q

How does anonimity affeect conformity?

A

anonimity eleminates normative social influence, because their is no dissaproval to avoid because no one knows about your actions

30
Q

What is the difference in how informational social influence and normative influence impact behavior and beliefs?

A
  • information influence leads to internalization = acceptance or belief
  • normative influence leads to behavior change to conform, person doesn’t necessarily believe it
31
Q

How does expertise and status impact conformity?

A
  • expertise impacts informational influence (trust accurate judgement)
  • status impacts normative influence (social reward)
  • expertise and status are tied, we assume one comes with the other
32
Q

How does culture impact conformity?

A
  • interdependent cultures = increased conformity

- tight and loose countries

33
Q

How does gender impact conformity?

A
  • women conform a small ammount more, especially in male domains
  • a result of their socialization
34
Q

What are tight countries?

A
  • strong behavioral norms, increased conformity
  • autocratic, more laws/enforcement, more punishment
  • ex. Germany, China, Japan, Portugal
35
Q

What are loose countries?

A
  • weak behavioral norms, tolerate some deviance (nonconformance)
  • ex. Greece, Brazil, Netherlands, US
36
Q

What leads to a tight country?

A
  • high pop density, fewer natural resources

- need to create intense order in order to share ecological contraints and survive

37
Q

How does the minority opinion influence the majority opinion?

A
  • sometimes the minority does not conform with the majority
  • this is important for social change
  • when minority is unified, some in the majority are more likely to side with them
  • result of informational influence
  • no social pressure to conform with the minority
38
Q

What are the three compliance methods?

A
  • reason-based (head)
  • emotion-based (heart)
  • norm-based
39
Q

What are three reason-based approaches?

A
  • norm of reciprocity
  • reciprocal conceissions technique (door in the face)
  • foot in the door technique
40
Q

What is the norm of reciprocity?

A

a norm dictating that people should provide benefits to those who benefit them

41
Q

norm of reciprocity experiment

A
  • confederates brought participants a coke or not (favor)

- participants bought more tickets for confederate when brought coke (returning the favor)

42
Q

What is the reciprocal concessions (door in the face) technique?

A

a compliance based approach that involves asking someone for a very large favor that will certinly be refused and then following that request with a smaller favor

  • person is anticipating having the door slammed in their face with the overly large favor first
  • target feels compelled because they rejected the first favor
43
Q

What is the foor in the door technique?

A

a complaince approach that involves making an initally small request with which nearly everyone complies, followed by a larger request involving the real behavior of interest.

  • small request is putting your foot in the door, leaving room to submit the larger request
  • target agrees to first making them feel like a good person who usually helps others
  • makes them more likely to help at second request because it matches their new found self image
44
Q

What are two emotion based responses?

A
  • positive mood

- negative mood

45
Q

How does positive mood impact compliance?

A
  • makes people more charitable and agreeable
  • mood colors how we interpret things
  • want to prolong a good mood, and helping others makes us feel good too
46
Q

How does negative mood impact compliance?

A
  • can decrease compliance, interpret a favor as being manipulative
  • can increase compliance, want to get rid of compliance, think helping will make us feel better (negative state relief hypothesis)
47
Q

How do norms impact compliance?

A
  • power of social norms appeal to head and heart
  • norm based approaches are most effective when informational influence is misunderstood collectively
  • example alcohol drinking peer pressure
48
Q

How can norms increase compliance?

A

when descriptive norms agree with prescriptive norms

49
Q

What is the stanley milgram experiment?

A
  • participants administered shocks to “people” in order to obey authority even when it made them uncomfortable
  • experimenter took responsibility from the participant
  • the closer the learner was, the more difficult it was too shock (easy to hurt people we are removed from)
50
Q

How did the presence of the learner and the presence of the experiment impact the obediance of the participant?

A
  • the experimenter had a greater impact on the obediance of the participant
  • obediance dropped significantly when experimenter was in other room or over pa or on comp screen
51
Q

What do other people think about the participants?

A
  • everyone assumes they wouldn’t shock the learner
  • fail to recognize the power of the situation (fundamental attribution error)
  • participants had intentions to disobey, but couldnt commit

PSYC215 Social Psychology (32 decks)

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