Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Question 1

What is a stereotype?

Answer 1

A belief that certain attributes are characteristic of members of a particular group

• can be positive of negative
• PROJECTS BELIEFS ABOUT A GROUP ONTO A SINGULAR PERSON

Question 2

What is prejudice?

Answer 2

An attitude or affective response (positive or negative) towards a group and its individual members
- creating a judgement based on a group someone belongs to, attaching it to them

Question 3

What is discrimination?

Answer 3

Favorable or unfavorable treatment of inidivudals based on their membership in a particular group

Question 4

What is modern racism?

Answer 4

Prejudice directed at racial groups that exists alongside the rejection of explicity racist beliefs

Question 5

What is the implicit assocation test (IAT)?

Answer 5

A technique for revealing nonconcious attitudes toward different stimuli, particularly groups of people
- time associations of group with good or bad

Question 6

What is priming?

Answer 6

The presentation of information designed to activate a concept (such as a stereotype) and hence make is accessible. A prime is the stimulus presented to activate the concept in question

Question 7

What is affect misattribution procedure (AMP)?

Answer 7

A priming procedure designed to assess people’s implicit associations to different stimuli, including their associations to various ethnic, racial, occupational, and lifestyle groups
- show spreading activation from prime to prejudice

Question 8

What is realistic group conflict theory?

Answer 8

A theory that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources

Question 9

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 9

glorifying one’s own gorup while vilifying other groups

Question 10

What is superordinate goal?

Answer 10

A goal that transcends the interests of any one group and can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together

Question 11

What is minimal group paradigm?

Answer 11

An eperimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these ‘minimal groups’ are inclined to behave toward one another
- people always behave to maximize their advantage against another group regardless of group criteria (or lack there of)

Question 12

What is social indentity theory?

Answer 12

The idea that a person’s self conept and self esteem derive not only from personal identity and accomplishments, but also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs

Question 13

What is basking in reflected glory?

Answer 13

Taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in one’s group, such as when sports fans identify with a winning team

Question 14

What is paired distintiveness?

Answer 14

the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they occur together

Question 15

What is subtying?

Answer 15

Explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ form the group as a whole

Question 16

What is outgroup homogeneity?

Answer 16

The tendency for people to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for ingroups

Question 17

What is own-race identification bias?

Answer 17

The tendency for poeple to be better able to recognize and distinguish faces from their own race than from other races

Question 18

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 18

the fear of confirming the stereotypes that others have about one’s group

Question 19

What is contact hypothesis?

Answer 19

The propositon that prejudice can be reduced by putting members of majority and minority groups in frequent contact with one another

Question 20

what are three perspectives that attempt to explain intergroup tensions?

Answer 20

• economic perspective (competeing interests)
• motivational perspective (psychological need)
• cognitive perspective (autonomic processing, gut reaction, judgment)

Question 21

What is contemporary prejudice?

Answer 21

• no socially acceptable to have prejudices
• more constained and hidden instead
• modern racism

Question 22

Modern Racism Experiment (Hurt Confederate)

Answer 22

• white participants put in a position to help black or white confederate
• when participant is alone they help the black person
• when participant is with others they don’t because they can blame the situation to hide their racist tendencies

Question 23

Modern Racism Experiment (College Applications)

Answer 23

• prejudice and non prejudiced participants evaluated college applications
• more likely to reject black appliant when certain markers are below average even if everything else was well above because they can disguise their prejudice

Question 24

What is Benevolent Racism or Sexism?

Answer 24

rewarding a minority for conforming to the satus quo

- often coexists with hostile racism or sexism

Question 25

Why does benevolent sexism go unnoticed?

Answer 25

people assume that a stereotype has to be negative to be harmful

Question 26

Why is benevolent sexism long lasting?

Answer 26

• positive stersotypes are difficult to change because people fail to recognize them as harmful
• people can use it to ignore their prejudice

Question 27

What is the Robbers Cave Experiment?

Answer 27

• 2 groups of homogenous 5th grade boys taken to summer camp
• ingroup bonding activities to create community
• groups put in competitive for common prize (shared resource) (insults and hostility)
• reduce conflict with superordinate goal (crisis) where they have to work together

Question 28

What actions can result from social identity theory?

Answer 28

• boost status of ingroup to consequnetly boost your own self esteem/concept
• harming outgroup also boosts self esteem

Question 29

How does the cognitive perspective rationalize stereotyping?

Answer 29

• stereotypes make information easier to process, conserving cognitive resources
• more likely to stereotype when tired or stressed or focused on another task

Question 30

How does paired distinctiveness create prejudice?

Answer 30

• minorities stand out
• minories and negative behavior REALLY stand out
• we notice behavios that confirm and therefore reaffirm a stereotype

Question 31

What are self fulfilling prophecies?

Answer 31

• treating someone in a different way to illicit the behavior you expect of them, confirming your own belief/prejudice

Question 32

How does stereotyping and subtying create attributional bias?

Answer 32

• give high abstraction to in group members with negative actions (blame situation)
• give low abstraction to out group members with negative actions (blame person)
• give low abstraction to in group members with positive actions (reward person)
• give high abstraction to out group members with positive actions (reward situation)

Question 33

What is in group similarity and out group difference?

Answer 33

we assume that people in group are similar to us and that people in out groups are more different even when there is no support for these similarities and differences

Question 34

How does automatic and controlled processing impact a person’s ability to stereotype and discriminate?

Answer 34

• activiation of a stereotype is automatic and almost all people will possess information of the stereotype
• prejudiced people use their controlled processing to believe a stereotype and act on it (discrimination)

Question 35

What is attributional ambiguity?

Answer 35

people are unable to identify is something happened because of prejudice against them or not.

Question 36

Attributional Ambiguity Experiment

Answer 36

black participants recieved postive or negative feedback from a white confederate. black participants had a reaction when they didn’t think the confederate could see them and therefor their race. they had no reaction when the thought they could be seen

Question 37

How do we reduce prejudice?

Answer 37

• equal status groups
• shared goal that requires cooperation
• community normative support
• one on one interactions