Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination Flashcards
What is a stereotype?
A belief that certain attributes are characteristic of members of a particular group
- can be positive of negative
- PROJECTS BELIEFS ABOUT A GROUP ONTO A SINGULAR PERSON
What is prejudice?
An attitude or affective response (positive or negative) towards a group and its individual members
- creating a judgement based on a group someone belongs to, attaching it to them
What is discrimination?
Favorable or unfavorable treatment of inidivudals based on their membership in a particular group
What is modern racism?
Prejudice directed at racial groups that exists alongside the rejection of explicity racist beliefs
What is the implicit assocation test (IAT)?
A technique for revealing nonconcious attitudes toward different stimuli, particularly groups of people
- time associations of group with good or bad
What is priming?
The presentation of information designed to activate a concept (such as a stereotype) and hence make is accessible. A prime is the stimulus presented to activate the concept in question
What is affect misattribution procedure (AMP)?
A priming procedure designed to assess people’s implicit associations to different stimuli, including their associations to various ethnic, racial, occupational, and lifestyle groups
- show spreading activation from prime to prejudice
What is realistic group conflict theory?
A theory that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources
What is ethnocentrism?
glorifying one’s own gorup while vilifying other groups
What is superordinate goal?
A goal that transcends the interests of any one group and can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together
What is minimal group paradigm?
An eperimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these ‘minimal groups’ are inclined to behave toward one another
- people always behave to maximize their advantage against another group regardless of group criteria (or lack there of)
What is social indentity theory?
The idea that a person’s self conept and self esteem derive not only from personal identity and accomplishments, but also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs
What is basking in reflected glory?
Taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in one’s group, such as when sports fans identify with a winning team
What is paired distintiveness?
the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they occur together
What is subtying?
Explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ form the group as a whole
What is outgroup homogeneity?
The tendency for people to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for ingroups
What is own-race identification bias?
The tendency for poeple to be better able to recognize and distinguish faces from their own race than from other races
What is stereotype threat?
the fear of confirming the stereotypes that others have about one’s group
What is contact hypothesis?
The propositon that prejudice can be reduced by putting members of majority and minority groups in frequent contact with one another
what are three perspectives that attempt to explain intergroup tensions?
- economic perspective (competeing interests)
- motivational perspective (psychological need)
- cognitive perspective (autonomic processing, gut reaction, judgment)
What is contemporary prejudice?
- no socially acceptable to have prejudices
- more constained and hidden instead
- modern racism
Modern Racism Experiment (Hurt Confederate)
- white participants put in a position to help black or white confederate
- when participant is alone they help the black person
- when participant is with others they don’t because they can blame the situation to hide their racist tendencies
Modern Racism Experiment (College Applications)
- prejudice and non prejudiced participants evaluated college applications
- more likely to reject black appliant when certain markers are below average even if everything else was well above because they can disguise their prejudice
What is Benevolent Racism or Sexism?
rewarding a minority for conforming to the satus quo
- often coexists with hostile racism or sexism
Why does benevolent sexism go unnoticed?
people assume that a stereotype has to be negative to be harmful
Why is benevolent sexism long lasting?
- positive stersotypes are difficult to change because people fail to recognize them as harmful
- people can use it to ignore their prejudice
What is the Robbers Cave Experiment?
- 2 groups of homogenous 5th grade boys taken to summer camp
- ingroup bonding activities to create community
- groups put in competitive for common prize (shared resource) (insults and hostility)
- reduce conflict with superordinate goal (crisis) where they have to work together
What actions can result from social identity theory?
- boost status of ingroup to consequnetly boost your own self esteem/concept
- harming outgroup also boosts self esteem
How does the cognitive perspective rationalize stereotyping?
- stereotypes make information easier to process, conserving cognitive resources
- more likely to stereotype when tired or stressed or focused on another task
How does paired distinctiveness create prejudice?
- minorities stand out
- minories and negative behavior REALLY stand out
- we notice behavios that confirm and therefore reaffirm a stereotype
What are self fulfilling prophecies?
- treating someone in a different way to illicit the behavior you expect of them, confirming your own belief/prejudice
How does stereotyping and subtying create attributional bias?
- give high abstraction to in group members with negative actions (blame situation)
- give low abstraction to out group members with negative actions (blame person)
- give low abstraction to in group members with positive actions (reward person)
- give high abstraction to out group members with positive actions (reward situation)
What is in group similarity and out group difference?
we assume that people in group are similar to us and that people in out groups are more different even when there is no support for these similarities and differences
How does automatic and controlled processing impact a person’s ability to stereotype and discriminate?
- activiation of a stereotype is automatic and almost all people will possess information of the stereotype
- prejudiced people use their controlled processing to believe a stereotype and act on it (discrimination)
What is attributional ambiguity?
people are unable to identify is something happened because of prejudice against them or not.
Attributional Ambiguity Experiment
black participants recieved postive or negative feedback from a white confederate. black participants had a reaction when they didn’t think the confederate could see them and therefor their race. they had no reaction when the thought they could be seen
How do we reduce prejudice?
- equal status groups
- shared goal that requires cooperation
- community normative support
- one on one interactions
