Chapter 10: Relationships and Attraction Flashcards

1
Q

What is a communal relationship?

A

A relationship in which the individuals feel a special responsibility for one another and give and recieve according to the principle of need. Such relationships are often long term.

  • shared identity
  • family and friends
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2
Q

What is an exchange relationship?

A

A relationship in which individuals feel little responsibility toward one another, giving and receiving are governed by concerns about equity and reciprocity. Such relationships are usually short term
- work relationship, salesmen, etc.

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3
Q

What is social exchange theory?

A

A theory based on the idea that how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessment of its costs and rewards.

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4
Q

What is comparison level?

A

Expectations people have about what they think they deserve or expect to get out of a relationship.

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5
Q

What is comparison level for alternatives?

A

Expecations people have about what they can get out of available, alternative relationships

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6
Q

What is equity theory?

A

The idea that people are moticated to pursue fairness, or equity, in their relationships. A relationship is considered equitable when the benefits are proportionate to the effort both people put into it.

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7
Q

What is attachment theory?

A

The idea that early attachment with aprents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a person’s whole life

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8
Q

What is anxiety dimension of attachment?

A

A facet of attachment that captures the degree to which a person is worried about rejection and abandonment by relationship partners

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9
Q

What is avoidance dimension of attachment?

A

A facet of attachment that captures the degree to which a person is comfortable with initmacy and dependence on relationship partners.

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10
Q

What is functional distance?

A

The influence of an architectual laout to encourage or inhibit certain activities, cinlduing contact between people.

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11
Q

What is mere exposure effect?

A

The idea that repeated exposure to stimulus, such as an object or a person, leads to greater liking of the stimulus

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12
Q

What is complementarity?

A

The tendency for people to seek out tohers with characteristics that are different from, and complement their own

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13
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

The common belief (accurate or not) that attractice individuals possess a host of positive quatlities beyonf their physical appearance

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14
Q

What is reproductive fitness?

A

the capacity to pass one’s genes on to subsequent generations

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15
Q

What is investment model of commitment?

A

a model of interpersonal relationships maintianing that three determinants make partners more committed to each other: relationship satisfaction, few alternative partners, and investments in the relationship

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16
Q

Why is it difficult to study relationships and attraction in social psychology?

A
  • cannot ensure controlled lab conditions

- people self select they relationships they participate in

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17
Q

How does the need to belong impact the formation of social relationships?

A
  • social relationships satisfy our need to belong
  • social relationships help us produce offspring (long term romantic)
  • social relationships help us survive (family and friendship) (share resources)
  • actually able to satisfy need (not looking for infinite friendships)
18
Q

What is the evidence for our need to belong leading to social relationships?

A
  • monkeys were raised with surrogate mothers (fake)
  • one gave food, one provided comfort
  • preferred one who gave comfort
  • mortality rates are higher for divorced, unmarried, or widowed individuals
  • relationships physically make us healthier
19
Q

Do all cultures prefer the same approaches to relationships?

A

NO

- east asian and latin american cultures take a communal approach to business and work

20
Q

What do social psychologists believe most relationships are based on?

A

REWARD

21
Q

Where is equity thoery more applicable?

A
  • independent cultures, independence is more valued

- hierarchical unfairness is more accepted or even desired in interdependent culture relationships

22
Q

How are babies important in explaining attachment thoery?

A
  • babies need to develop a strong attachment to someone in order to survive as well as to develop
  • security comes from parents’ responsiveness
  • impacts how child views their lovability and competence
23
Q

Infant Attachment Experiment

A
  • infants and caregiver placed in strange room with interesting toys
  • secure infants were comfortable moving away and exploring
  • anxious infants were not comfortable exploring much
  • stranger replaces caregiver in room
  • secure infants had caregiver who easily soothed them
  • anxious infancts were not easy comforted
  • avoidant infants did not seek comfort or even rejected it
24
Q

What is the difference between attachment styles and attachment dimensions?

A
  • expanded to say dimensions because it shows that each person can have components of each dimension or vary from relationship to relationship
  • not fixed, more flexible
25
Q

What does attachment theory neglect to explain/

A

really only accurately describes patterns displayed in western culture

26
Q

What are components that determine attraction?

A
  • proximity
  • similarity
  • physical attractiveness
27
Q

Proximity has the largest effect on….

A

people of different races, ages, or social classes (heterogenous friendships)

28
Q

mere exposure effect ex.

A
  • participants shown turkish words

- words they had been shown more frequently they assumed had more positive meanings even tho they didn’t know

29
Q

Mere Exposure Effect Explanation

A
  • increased exposure means you are more comfortable

- neutral becomes positive simply because it lacks negative

30
Q

What are limitations to the Mere Exposure Effect?

A
  • does not work with stimuli you initially dislike

- does not apply to auditory stimuli

31
Q

How does social psychology explain ‘opposites attract’?

A
  • not actually opposite, looking for something complementary
  • people can address each others needs in a complementary way
  • similarity is the rule, complementarity is the exception
32
Q

Intro Note to Physical Attrativeness

A
  • desirable features vary across cultures and overtime

- extreme variety in what people find attrative

33
Q

What do people find attractive?

A
  • features that signify reproductive fitness
  • more average or compositve faces
  • symmetry (shows resist disease)
34
Q

Why are women more picky about choosing mates?

A
  • more invested in offspring
35
Q

What are men attracted to?

A
  • fertility -> youth
36
Q

What are women attracted to?

A
  • someone to provide while they provide for the child
  • ovulation increases a women’s ability to find a strong/masculine man
  • division of labor created cultural reasons to find a successful male mate
37
Q

What other theory influenced the investment model of commitment?

A

Social exchange theory

38
Q

Four Most Harmful Behaviors in a Reltionship

A
  • criticism
  • contempt
  • stonewalling
  • defensiveness
39
Q

How do attributions impact relationships?

A
  • unstable couple associate bad event to person and good event to situation
  • stable couples associate bad event to situation and good event to person
40
Q

How to creat stronger romantic bonds

A
  • postive conversation, share enthusiasm
  • silliness and playfulness creates more positive associations with someone
  • idealize partner, all faults come with silver lining