Chapter 9 Section 2

Question 1

The human brain develops more ______ than those of other species, not achieving full maturity until late ______.

Answer 1

Slowly,

Adolescence.

Question 2

The ______ is the last part of the human brain to reach maturity.

Answer 2

Prefrontal cortex

Question 3

The human brain grows substantially after birth: its volume _______ between birth and adulthood, with much of the growth occurring in the first ______ years. This increase in size does not, however, result in the development of additional ______. The postnatal growth of the human brain seems to result from three other kinds of growth: _______, _______, and _______.

Answer 3

Quadruples,
2,
Neurons,
Synaptogenesis,
Myelination of axons,
Increased branching of dendrites.

Question 4

The number of connections between neurons in a particular region of the brain is assumed to be an indicator of its _______.

Answer 4

Analytic ability.

Question 5

________ increases the speed of axonal conduction, and the _______ of various areas of the human brain during development roughly parallels their _______.

Answer 5

Myelination,
Myelination,
Functional development.

Question 6

Myelination of sensory areas occurs in the first _______ after birth, and myelination of the _______ follows soon after that, whereas myelination of _______ continues into adulthood.

Answer 6

Few months,
Motor areas,
Prefrontal cortex.

Question 7

Mature dendrites can change their shape in ______.

Answer 7

A few seconds.

Question 8

Postnatal human brain development is not a one way street; there are ______ changes as well as ______.

Answer 8

Regressive,

Growth.

Question 9

What are four types of cognitive functions have often been linked to the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 9

(1) Working memory, that is, keeping relevant information accessible for short periods of time while a task is being completed.
(2) planning and carrying out sequences of actions.
(3) inhibiting responses that are inappropriate in the current context but not in others.
(4) following rules for social behavior.

(Young humans do not begins to demonstrate these cognitive functions until prefrontal development has progressed)

Question 10

What is preservation?

Answer 10

The tendency to continue making a formerly correct response when it is currently incorrect.

Question 11

Diamond hypothesis that preservation error occurred in infants between _______ because the neural circuitry of the prefrontal cortex is not yet developed during that period.

Answer 11

7 and 12 months

Question 12

The effects of experience on brain development are many and varied, but they are considered to be one of two general types:

Answer 12

Permissive or instructive.

Question 13

Permissive experiences are those that:

Answer 13

Permit the information in genetic programs of brain development to be expressed and maintained.

Question 14

Instructed experiences are:

Answer 14

Those that contribute to the information in genetic programs and influence the course of development.

Question 15

If it is absolutely essential for an experience to occur within a particular interval to influence development, the interval is called a ______.

Answer 15

Critical period.

Question 16

If an experience has a great effect on development when it occurs during a particular interval but can still have weak effects outside the interval, the interval is called a _______.

Answer 16

Sensitive period.

Question 17

The accumulation of evidence has made clear that mature brains are continually _______.

Answer 17

Changing and adapting.

Question 18

True of false: neurogenesis does not occur in adults.

Answer 18

False.

Question 19

In adult mammals, substantial neurogenesis seems to be restricted to the ________ and _______– although low levels have been observed in the _______ under certain conditions.

Answer 19

Olfactory bulbs,
Hippocampuses,
Cortex.

Question 20

New olfactory bulb neurons are created from ________ at certain sites in the ________ of the lateral ventricles and then migrate to the olfactory bulbs.

Answer 20

Adult neural stem cells,

Subventricular zone.

Question 21

New hippocampal cells are created near their final location in the ________ of the _______.

Answer 21

Dentate gyrus,

Hippocampus.

Question 22

The development of the human brain is unique in one respect: the human brain develops far more ______ than other species.

Answer 22

Slowly

Question 23

The last part of the human brain to reach maturity is the _______ cortex.

Answer 23

Prefrontal

Question 24

The postnatal growth of the human brain results from myelination, dendritic branching, and ______.

Answer 24

Synaptogenesis.

Question 25

Human cortical ______ matter grows slowly and steadily until early adulthood.

Answer 25

White

Question 26

In general, the sensory and motor areas of cerebral cortex achieve maturity before the ______ areas.

Answer 26

Cognitive

Question 27

_______ is the tendency to continue making a formerly correct response when it is currently incorrect.

Answer 27

Preservation

Question 28

The competitive nature of neurodevelopment has been demonstrated by the effects of early monocular deprivation on the size of _______.

Answer 28

Ocular dominance columns

Question 29

Many studies have shown that early experience influences the _______ maps of sensory cortex.

Answer 29

Topographic

Question 30

Adult _______ occurs in two areas of the mammalian brain.

Answer 30

Neurogenesis

Question 31

Substantial neurogenesis occurs in adult mammalian hippocampuses and _______.

Answer 31

Olfactory bulbs

Question 32

New neurons that are added to the hippocampus of an adult mammal are created near the _______ gyrus.

Answer 32

Dentate

Question 33

Adult rats living in enriched environments produced 60% more ______ neurons.

Answer 33

Hippocampal