Chapter 7 Auditory

Question 1

Auditory

Answer 1

Hearing

Question 2

Somatosensory

Answer 2

Touch

Question 3

Olfactory

Answer 3

Smell

Question 4

Gustatory

Answer 4

Taste

Question 5

The five exteroceptive sensory systems

Answer 5

Optic (vision), auditory (hearing), somatosensory (touch), olfactory (smell), and gustatory (taste).

Question 6

Primary sensory cortex of a system

Answer 6

The area of sensory cortex that receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of that system.

Question 7

Secondary sensory cortex of a system

Answer 7

Comprises the areas of the sensory cortex that receive most of their input from the primary sensory cortex of that system or from other areas of the secondary sensory cortex of the same system.

Question 8

Association cortex

Answer 8

The area of the cortex that receives input from more than one sensory system. Most input to areas of association cortex comes via areas of secondary sensory cortex.

Question 9

Sensation

Answer 9

The process of detecting the presence of stimuli.

Question 10

Perception

Answer 10

The higher-order process of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting complete patterns of sensations.

Question 11

Fourier analysis

Answer 11

The mathematical procedure for breaking down complex waves into their component sine waves.

Question 12

Tympanic membrane

Answer 12

The eardrum

Question 13

The three ossicles (the small bones of the middle ear)

Answer 13

• The malleus (the hammer),
• The incus (the anvil)
• The stapes (the stirrup).

Question 14

Former model - hierarchical functionally homogenous - serial

Answer 14

Association cortex
^
Secondary sensory cortex
^
Primary sensory cortex
^
Thalamus
^
Receptors

Question 15

Sound waves travel from the outer ear down the auditory canal and cause the _______ to vibrate. These vibrations are then transferred to the three ________.

Answer 15

• Tympanic membrane

- Ossicles

Question 16

The vibrations of the stapes trigger vibrations of the membrane called the _______, which in turn transfers the vibrations to the fluid of the snail-shaped _______.

Answer 16

• oval window

- cochlea

Question 17

Cochlea

Answer 17

A long, coiled tube with an internal membrane running almost to its tip. The internal membrane is the auditory receptor organ, the organ of Corti.

Question 18

Functional segregation

Answer 18

Organization into different areas, each of which performs a different function; for example, in sensory systems, different areas of secondary and association cortex analyze different aspects of the same sensory stimulus.

Question 19

Parallel processing

Answer 19

The simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by the multiple parallel pathways of a neural network.

Question 20

Ossicles

Answer 20

The three small bones of the middle ear: the malleus, the incus, and the stapes.

Question 21

Oval window

Answer 21

The membrane that transfers vibrations from the ossicles to the fluid of the cochlea.

Question 22

Organ of Corti

Answer 22

The auditory receptor organ, comprising the basilar membrane, the hair cells, and the tectorial membrane.

Question 23

Hair cells

Answer 23

The receptors of the auditory system.

Question 24

Basilar membrane

Answer 24

The membrane of the organ of Corti in which hair cell receptors are embedded.

Question 25

Tectorial membrane

Answer 25

The cochlear membrane that rests on the hair cells.

Question 26

Auditory nerve

Answer 26

The branch of the cranial nerve VIII that carries auditory signals from the hair cells in the basilar membrane.

Question 27

Tonotopic

Answer 27

Organized, like the primary auditory cortex, according to the frequency of sound.

Question 28

Semicircular canals

Answer 28

The receptive organs of the vestibular system.

Question 29

Vestibular system

Answer 29

The sensory system that detects changes in the direction and intensity of head movements and that contributes to the maintenance of balance through its output to the motor system.

Question 30

Superior olives

Answer 30

Medullary nuclei that play a role in sound localization.

Question 31

Inferior colliculi

Answer 31

The structures of the tectum that receive auditory input from the superior olives.

Question 32

Medial geniculate nuclei

Answer 32

The auditory thalamic nuclei that receive input from the inferior colliculi and project to primary auditory cortex.

Question 33

Tinnitus

Answer 33

Ringing in the ears.

Question 34

Auditory nerve pathway order

Answer 34

``` Cochlea Cochlear nuclei Superior olives (many projections lead to) Lateral lemniscus (pathway) Inferior colliculi Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) Primary auditory cortex ```

Question 35

Some neurons in the medial superior olives respond to slight differences in the _____________ from the two ears, whereas some neurons in the lateral superior olives respond to slight differences in the _____________ from the two ears.

Answer 35

time of arrival of signals; amplitude of sounds.

Question 36

The medial and lateral superior olives project to the _________, as well as the _________.

Answer 36

superior colliculus; inferior colliculus.

Question 37

It has been hypothesized that the ____________ is more involved in identifying sounds (what), whereas the ___________ is more involved in locating sounds (where).

Answer 37

Anterior auditory pathway; | Posterior auditory pathway.

Question 38

Unimodal

Answer 38

Involving one system

Question 39

Involving one system.

Answer 39

Unimodal.

Question 40

There are two common classes of hearing impairments: those associated with damage to the ossicles (_________), and those associated with damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve (_______).

Answer 40

Conductive deafness; | Nerve deafness.