Chapter 7 Auditory Flashcards
Auditory
Hearing
Somatosensory
Touch
Olfactory
Smell
Gustatory
Taste
The five exteroceptive sensory systems
Optic (vision), auditory (hearing), somatosensory (touch), olfactory (smell), and gustatory (taste).
Primary sensory cortex of a system
The area of sensory cortex that receives most of its input directly from the thalamic relay nuclei of that system.
Secondary sensory cortex of a system
Comprises the areas of the sensory cortex that receive most of their input from the primary sensory cortex of that system or from other areas of the secondary sensory cortex of the same system.
Association cortex
The area of the cortex that receives input from more than one sensory system. Most input to areas of association cortex comes via areas of secondary sensory cortex.
Sensation
The process of detecting the presence of stimuli.
Perception
The higher-order process of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting complete patterns of sensations.
Fourier analysis
The mathematical procedure for breaking down complex waves into their component sine waves.
Tympanic membrane
The eardrum
The three ossicles (the small bones of the middle ear)
- The malleus (the hammer),
- The incus (the anvil)
- The stapes (the stirrup).
Former model - hierarchical functionally homogenous - serial
Association cortex ^ Secondary sensory cortex ^ Primary sensory cortex ^ Thalamus ^ Receptors
Sound waves travel from the outer ear down the auditory canal and cause the _______ to vibrate. These vibrations are then transferred to the three ________.
- Tympanic membrane
- Ossicles
The vibrations of the stapes trigger vibrations of the membrane called the _______, which in turn transfers the vibrations to the fluid of the snail-shaped _______.
- oval window
- cochlea
Cochlea
A long, coiled tube with an internal membrane running almost to its tip. The internal membrane is the auditory receptor organ, the organ of Corti.
Functional segregation
Organization into different areas, each of which performs a different function; for example, in sensory systems, different areas of secondary and association cortex analyze different aspects of the same sensory stimulus.
Parallel processing
The simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by the multiple parallel pathways of a neural network.
Ossicles
The three small bones of the middle ear: the malleus, the incus, and the stapes.
Oval window
The membrane that transfers vibrations from the ossicles to the fluid of the cochlea.
Organ of Corti
The auditory receptor organ, comprising the basilar membrane, the hair cells, and the tectorial membrane.
Hair cells
The receptors of the auditory system.
Basilar membrane
The membrane of the organ of Corti in which hair cell receptors are embedded.
Tectorial membrane
The cochlear membrane that rests on the hair cells.
Auditory nerve
The branch of the cranial nerve VIII that carries auditory signals from the hair cells in the basilar membrane.
Tonotopic
Organized, like the primary auditory cortex, according to the frequency of sound.
Semicircular canals
The receptive organs of the vestibular system.
Vestibular system
The sensory system that detects changes in the direction and intensity of head movements and that contributes to the maintenance of balance through its output to the motor system.
Superior olives
Medullary nuclei that play a role in sound localization.
Inferior colliculi
The structures of the tectum that receive auditory input from the superior olives.
Medial geniculate nuclei
The auditory thalamic nuclei that receive input from the inferior colliculi and project to primary auditory cortex.
Tinnitus
Ringing in the ears.
Auditory nerve pathway order
Cochlea Cochlear nuclei Superior olives (many projections lead to) Lateral lemniscus (pathway) Inferior colliculi Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) Primary auditory cortex
Some neurons in the medial superior olives respond to slight differences in the _____________ from the two ears, whereas some neurons in the lateral superior olives respond to slight differences in the _____________ from the two ears.
time of arrival of signals; amplitude of sounds.
The medial and lateral superior olives project to the _________, as well as the _________.
superior colliculus; inferior colliculus.
It has been hypothesized that the ____________ is more involved in identifying sounds (what), whereas the ___________ is more involved in locating sounds (where).
Anterior auditory pathway;
Posterior auditory pathway.
Unimodal
Involving one system
Involving one system.
Unimodal.
There are two common classes of hearing impairments: those associated with damage to the ossicles (_________), and those associated with damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve (_______).
Conductive deafness;
Nerve deafness.
