Chapter 17 - Emotion Flashcards
James-Lange theory
The theory that emotional experience results from the brain’s perception of the pattern of autonomic and somatic nervous system responses elicited by emotion-inducing sensory stimuli.
Cannon-Bard theory
The theory that emotional experience and emotional expression are parallel processes that have no direct causal relation.
Decorticate
Lacking a cortex.
Sham rage
The exaggerated, poorly directed aggressive responses of decorticate animals.
Limbic system
A collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that borders the thalamus and is widely assumed to play a role in emotion.
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
The syndrome of behavioral changes (e.g., lack of fear and hypersexuality) that is induced in primates by bilateral damage to the anterior temporal lobes.
Amygdala
A structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus; plays a role in emotion.
Polygraphy
A method of interrogation in which autonomic nervous system indexes of emotion are used to infer the truthfulness of the responses.
Control-question technique
A lie-detection interrogation method in which the polygrapher compares the physiological responses to target questions with the responses to control questions.
Guilty-knowledge technique
A lie-detection method in which the polygrapher records autonomic nervous system responses to a list of control and crime-related information known only to the guilty person and the examiner.
Facial feedback hypothesis
The hypothesis that our facial expressions can influence how we feel.
Duchenne smile
A genuine smile, one that includes contraction of the facial muscles called the orbicularis oculi.
Defensive behaviors
Behaviors whose primary function is protection from threat or harm.
Aggressive behaviors
Behaviors whose primary function is to threaten or harm other organisms.
Alpha-male
The dominant male of a colony.
Target-site concept
The idea that aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own.
Fear conditioning
Establishing fear of a previously neutral conditional stimulus by pairing it with an aversive unconditional stimulus.
Contextual fear conditioning
The process by which benign contexts (situations) come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli.
Hippocampus
A structure of the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in memory for spatial location.
Lateral nucleus of the amygdala
The nucleus of the amygdala that plays the major role in the acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear.
Prefrontal cortex
The areas of frontal cortex that are anterior to the frontal motor areas.
Central nucleus of the amygdala
A nucleus of the amygdala that is thought to control defensive behavior.
It was apparent that the damage to Gage’s brain affected both __________, which we now know are involved in _______ and ________.
Medial prefrontal lobes,
Planning,
Emotion
Limbic system consists of
Amygdala Mammillary body Hippocampus Fornix Cortex of the cingulate gyrus Septum Olfactory bulb Hypothalamus
The theory that the subjective experience of emotion is triggered by ANS responses is called the _______ theory.
James-Lange
The pattern of aggressive responses observed in decorticate animals is called ______.
Sham rage
Between the amygdala and the fornix in the limbic system is the ______.
Hippocampus
A Duchenne smile, but not a false smile, involves appropriate contraction of the ______.
orbicularis oculi
Aggression directed by the alpha male of a colony at a male intruder is called ______ aggression.
social
The usual target site of rat defensive attacks is the ______ of the attacking rat.
face
Testosterone increases ______ aggression in rats.
social
In humans, most violent outbursts that are labeled as aggression are more appropriately viewed as ______ attacks.
defensive
The establishing of a fear response to a previously neutral stimulus, such as a tone, is accomplished by fear ______.
conditioning
In the typical auditory fear-conditioning experiment, the ______ is a tone.
conditional stimulus
Auditory fear conditioning to simple tones depends on a pathway from the ______ to the amygdala.
medial geniculate nucleus
Unlike auditory fear conditioning to simple tones, fear conditioning to complex sounds involves the _____.
auditory cortex
The prefrontal cortex is thought to act on the _____ of the amygdala to inhibit conditioned fear.
lateral nucleus
Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because
aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels.
The structure in which emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the
amygdala
Bard’s research on sham rage led him to conclude that the
hypothalamus and adjoining structures play critical roles in the expression of aggression.
Le Doux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the _____ blocked auditory fear conditioning but that bilateral lesions to the _____ did not.
medial geniculate nucleus (auditory pathway),
Auditory cortex.
Pellis and colleagues found that giving cats an anti-anxiety drug tended to increase the efficiency of their mouse killing. These researchers concluded that this was due to
reducing the defensiveness of the cat.
According to the James-Lange theory, the
experience of emotion is produced by the brain’s perception of the body’s reactions to emotional stimuli.
Lesions to which of the following structures specifically block the conditioning of fear to a context?
- The auditory cortex
- The hippocampus
- The lateral geniculate nucleus
- The medial geniculate nucles
The hippocampus
Kluver-Bucy syndrome appears to result, to a large degree, from bilateral damage to the
amygdala
According to the facial feedback hypothesis, our facial expressions influence our emotional experiences. Which theory of emotional processing might this support?
The James-Lange theory.
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotion expression are
independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli.
Mirror-like-system
Areas of cortex that are active both when a person performs a particular response and when the person perceives somebody else performing the same response.
Urbach-Wiethe disease
A genetic disorder that often results in the calcification of the amygdala and surrounding brain structures.
The syndrome of behavioral changes (e.g., lack of fear and hypersexuality) that is induced in primates by bilateral damage to the anterior temporal lobes.
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
A genuine smile, one that includes contraction of the facial muscles called the orbicularis oculi.
Duchenne smile
Brain activity associated with each human emotion is ______- there is not a center for each emotion. Think “______,” not “center,” for locations of brain mechanisms of emotion.
Diffuse,
Mosaic.
There is virtually always activity in ______ and ______ cortices when a person experiences an emotion.
motor,
sensory.
Similar patterns of brain activity tend to be recorded when a person _______ an emotion, ______ that emotion, or sees _______ that emotion.
Sees,
Imagines,
Sees someone else experience.
The re-experiencing of related patterns of motor, autonomic, and sensory neural activity during emotional experiences is generally referred to as the _______.
embodiment of emotions.
The discovery that certain patterns of brain activity are observed on fMRI scans when individuals experience an emotion or watch somebody else experience the same emotion suggests that a _______ might be the basis for empathy.
mirror-like system
The amygdalas appear to play a role in the performance of any task with an ______ component, whether positive or ______.
emotional,
negative.
One Urbach-Wiethe patient with bilateral amygdalar damage was found to have lost the ability to ______ of fear.
recognize facial expressions
Suppression paradigm
An experimental method for studying emotion; subjects are asked to inhibit their emotional reactions to unpleasant films or photos while their brain activity is recorded.
Reappraisal paradigm
An experimental method for studying emotion; subjects are asked to reinterpret a film or photo to change their emotional reaction to it while their brain activity is recorded.
Stress
The physiological response to physical or psychological threat.
Stressors
Experiences that induce the stress response.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
The anterior pituitary hormone that triggers the release of gonadal and adrenal hormones from the adrenal cortices.
Glucocorticoids
Steroid hormones that are released from the adrenal cortex in response to stressors.
Adrenal cortex
The outer layer of the adrenal glands, which releass glucocorticoids in response to stressors, as well as steroid hormones in small amounts.
Adrenal medulla
The core of each adrenal gland, which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stressors.
Cytokines
A group of peptide hormones that are released by many cells and participate in a variety of physiological and immunological responses, causing inflammation and fever.
Subordination stress
Stress experienced by animals, typically males, that are continually attacked by higher-ranking conspecifics.
Bullying
A chronic social threat that induces subordination stress in members of our species.
Psychosomatic disorders
Any physical disorder that can be caused or exacerbated by stress.
Gastric ulcers
Painful lesions to the lining of the stomach or duodenum.
Psychoneuroimmunology
The study of interactions among psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system.
Immune system
The system that protects the body against infectious micro-organisms.
Innate immune system
The immune system’s first line of defense; it acts near entry points to the body and attacks generic classes of molecules produced by a variety of pathogens.
Pathogens
Disease-causing agents.
Toll-like receptors
Receptors found in the cell membranes of many cells of the innate immune system; they trigger phagocytosis and inflammatory responses.
Leukocytes
White blood cells.
Phagocytes
Cells, such as macrophages and microglia, that destroy and ingest pathogens.
Phagocytosis
The destruction and ingestion of foreign matter by cells of the immune system.
Adaptive immune system
The division of the immune system that mounts targeted attacks on foreign pathogens by binding to antigens in their cell membranes.
Lymphocytes
Specialized white blood cells that are produced in bone marrow and play important roles in the body’s immune reactions.
Cell-mediated immunity
The immune reaction by which T cells destroy invading micro-organisms.
Antibody-mediated immunity
The immune reaction by which B cells destroy invading micro-organisms.
B cells
B lymphocytes; lymphocytes that manufacture antibodies against antigens they encounter.
Antibodies
Proteins that bind specifically to antigens on the surface of invading micro-organisms and in so doing promote the destruction of the micro-organisms.
Vaccination
Administering a weakened form of a virus so that if the virus later invades, the adaptive immune system is prepared to deal with it.
Immunization
The process of creating immunity through vaccination.
Epigenetic
Not of the genes; refers to nongenetic means by which traits are passed from parents to offspring.
Corticosterone
The predominant glucocorticoid in humans.
Adrenalectomy
Surgical removal of the adrenal glands.
The ________ are active when both suppression and reappraisal paradigms are used, and they seem to exert their cognitive control of emotion by interacting with the _______.
Medial prefrontal lobes,
Amygdala.
The medial prefrontal lobes are large and complex, and likely perform ______.
Many functions
Neurons directly involved in emotional processing appear to be ______ and widely _____ in the human brain.
Sparse,
Distributed.
The right hemisphere model of cerebral lateralization of emotion:
Holds that the right hemisphere is specialized for all aspects of emotional processing: perception, expression, and experience of emotion.
The valence model of cerebral lateralization of emotion:
Proposes that the right hemisphere is specialized for processing negative emotion and the left hemisphere is specialized for processing positive emotion.
The main conclusion (on which model of cerebral lateralization of emotion is correct) of Wager and colleagues was that:
the current theories of lateralization of emotion are too general from a neuroanatomical perspective.
Emotional situations produce ______, not just in the amygdalas and prefrontal cortex.
Widespread increases in cerebral activity.
All brain areas activated by emotional stimuli are also activated during
other psychological processes.
No brain structure has been invariably linked to a
particular emotion.
The same emotional stimuli often activate _______ areas in ______ people.
different,
different.
The main cells of the adaptive immune system are specialized leukocytes called __________.
lymphocytes
There are two major classes of lymphocytes:
B cells and T cells
_______ is directed by T cells; _______ is directed by B cells.
Cell-mediated immunity,
Antibody-mediated immunity.
Glucocorticoids are released from the ________ as part of the stress response.
Adrenal cortex
Stressors increase the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the ________.
Adrenal medulla
Stressors trigger the release of _______, which participate in the body’s inflammatory responses.
Cytokines
When threats from conspecifics become an enduring feature of daily life, the result is ________.
Subordinate stress
Gastric ulcers have been associated with H. pylori infection, but seems likely that ________ is another causal factor in their development.
Stress.
The study of the interactions among psychological factors, the nervous system, and the immune system is called _______.
Psychoneuroimmunology
There are two immune systems: the ______ immune system and the adaptive immune system.
Innate
Disease-causing agents are known as _________.
Pathogens
Lymphocytes participate in two immune reactions: _______ and antibody-mediated.
Cell-mediated
T cells and B cells are involved in cell-mediated and ______ immune reactions, respectively.
Antibody-mediated
Rat pups groomed intensely by their mothers display decreased _______ release from the adrenal cortex in response to stressors in adulthood.
glucocorticoid
Corticosterone is a _______.
glucocorticoid
In laboratory animals, stress has been shown to reduce adult neurogenesis in the ________.
hippocampus
