Chapter 17 - Emotion Flashcards
James-Lange theory
The theory that emotional experience results from the brain’s perception of the pattern of autonomic and somatic nervous system responses elicited by emotion-inducing sensory stimuli.
Cannon-Bard theory
The theory that emotional experience and emotional expression are parallel processes that have no direct causal relation.
Decorticate
Lacking a cortex.
Sham rage
The exaggerated, poorly directed aggressive responses of decorticate animals.
Limbic system
A collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that borders the thalamus and is widely assumed to play a role in emotion.
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
The syndrome of behavioral changes (e.g., lack of fear and hypersexuality) that is induced in primates by bilateral damage to the anterior temporal lobes.
Amygdala
A structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus; plays a role in emotion.
Polygraphy
A method of interrogation in which autonomic nervous system indexes of emotion are used to infer the truthfulness of the responses.
Control-question technique
A lie-detection interrogation method in which the polygrapher compares the physiological responses to target questions with the responses to control questions.
Guilty-knowledge technique
A lie-detection method in which the polygrapher records autonomic nervous system responses to a list of control and crime-related information known only to the guilty person and the examiner.
Facial feedback hypothesis
The hypothesis that our facial expressions can influence how we feel.
Duchenne smile
A genuine smile, one that includes contraction of the facial muscles called the orbicularis oculi.
Defensive behaviors
Behaviors whose primary function is protection from threat or harm.
Aggressive behaviors
Behaviors whose primary function is to threaten or harm other organisms.
Alpha-male
The dominant male of a colony.
Target-site concept
The idea that aggressive and defensive behaviors of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own.
Fear conditioning
Establishing fear of a previously neutral conditional stimulus by pairing it with an aversive unconditional stimulus.
Contextual fear conditioning
The process by which benign contexts (situations) come to elicit fear through their association with fear-inducing stimuli.
Hippocampus
A structure of the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in memory for spatial location.
Lateral nucleus of the amygdala
The nucleus of the amygdala that plays the major role in the acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear.
Prefrontal cortex
The areas of frontal cortex that are anterior to the frontal motor areas.
Central nucleus of the amygdala
A nucleus of the amygdala that is thought to control defensive behavior.
It was apparent that the damage to Gage’s brain affected both __________, which we now know are involved in _______ and ________.
Medial prefrontal lobes,
Planning,
Emotion
Limbic system consists of
Amygdala Mammillary body Hippocampus Fornix Cortex of the cingulate gyrus Septum Olfactory bulb Hypothalamus
The theory that the subjective experience of emotion is triggered by ANS responses is called the _______ theory.
James-Lange
The pattern of aggressive responses observed in decorticate animals is called ______.
Sham rage
Between the amygdala and the fornix in the limbic system is the ______.
Hippocampus
A Duchenne smile, but not a false smile, involves appropriate contraction of the ______.
orbicularis oculi
Aggression directed by the alpha male of a colony at a male intruder is called ______ aggression.
social
The usual target site of rat defensive attacks is the ______ of the attacking rat.
face
Testosterone increases ______ aggression in rats.
social
In humans, most violent outbursts that are labeled as aggression are more appropriately viewed as ______ attacks.
defensive
The establishing of a fear response to a previously neutral stimulus, such as a tone, is accomplished by fear ______.
conditioning
In the typical auditory fear-conditioning experiment, the ______ is a tone.
conditional stimulus
Auditory fear conditioning to simple tones depends on a pathway from the ______ to the amygdala.
medial geniculate nucleus
Unlike auditory fear conditioning to simple tones, fear conditioning to complex sounds involves the _____.
auditory cortex
The prefrontal cortex is thought to act on the _____ of the amygdala to inhibit conditioned fear.
lateral nucleus
Correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean that high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because
aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone levels.
The structure in which emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the
amygdala
Bard’s research on sham rage led him to conclude that the
hypothalamus and adjoining structures play critical roles in the expression of aggression.
Le Doux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the _____ blocked auditory fear conditioning but that bilateral lesions to the _____ did not.
medial geniculate nucleus (auditory pathway),
Auditory cortex.
Pellis and colleagues found that giving cats an anti-anxiety drug tended to increase the efficiency of their mouse killing. These researchers concluded that this was due to
reducing the defensiveness of the cat.
According to the James-Lange theory, the
experience of emotion is produced by the brain’s perception of the body’s reactions to emotional stimuli.
Lesions to which of the following structures specifically block the conditioning of fear to a context?
- The auditory cortex
- The hippocampus
- The lateral geniculate nucleus
- The medial geniculate nucles
The hippocampus
Kluver-Bucy syndrome appears to result, to a large degree, from bilateral damage to the
amygdala
According to the facial feedback hypothesis, our facial expressions influence our emotional experiences. Which theory of emotional processing might this support?
The James-Lange theory.
