Chapter 17 - Emotion - Lecture Review

Question 1

Personality and temperament are enduring and internal, while emotions are _______.

Answer 1

situational

Question 2

Well being researchers have concluded that life circumstances don’t have much effect on _____. Surveys show that happiness increases after marriage, but only temporarily.

Answer 2

long-term happiness

Question 3

Studies showing that people with positive emotions catch fewer colds suggest a link between happiness and _______.

Answer 3

physical health

Question 4

Domesticated silver foxes retained markings of juvenile foxes, indicating that there may be physical characteristics that are correlated with ______.

Answer 4

disposition

Question 5

Much of the research on emotion has focused on the response of the ______ to specific emotions.

Answer 5

autonomic nervous system

Question 6

There is evidence that you can measure general ______ with a polygraph, but there is NOT a separate ANS profile for each emotion.

Answer 6

emotional arousal

Question 7

Phineas Gage damaged his ______, which resulted in a change in personality.

Answer 7

medial prefrontal lobe

Question 8

The most well studied emotion in animals and humans is _____. Part of this reason is that there are some innate stimuli that cause fear responses with little to no training.

Answer 8

fear

Question 9

Conditioning takes a/n ______ stimulus that we naturally react to and pairs it with a ______ stimulus that we’re not likely to react to. With enough pairings, the conditioned stimulus comes to illicit the same behavior as the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 9

unconditioned,

neutral

Question 10

In the case of tone fear conditioning, the ______ stimulus is a mildly painful foot shock delivered to the rat through the floor of the cage. The ______ stimulus is something like a ten second tone. The foot shock is delivered at the end of the tone. With just a few tone-shock pairings the rat comes to fear the tone, alone.

Answer 10

unconditioned,

conditioned

Question 11

It has been shown that a network of brain regions, including the ______ in the thalamus and the _____, are necessary for tone fear conditioning.

Answer 11

medial geniculate nucleus,

amygdala

Question 12

Tone fear conditioning in humans: the sound information is first transferred to the _____, which has projections to both the auditory cortex and the _____. If the _____ is lesioned, conditioning still occurs. If either the _____ or the amygdala are lesioned, conditioning does not occur.

Answer 12

thalamus,
amygdala,
auditory cortex,
medial geniculate nucleus,

Question 13

Contextual fear conditioning: if you took away the tone but the shock remained, most likely you would learn that the ______ predicted the shock.

Answer 13

environment

Question 14

Contextual fear conditioning is dependent on the _____.

Answer 14

hippocampus

Question 15

If you stimulate the amygdala, patients report feelings of _____. High levels of fear in neuro-imaging studies are associated with high amygdala activity. Lesions of the amygdala inhibit _____, and also impair the patient’s ability to recognize fear in others.

Answer 15

fear,

fear responses,

Question 16

Stress triggers the release of stress hormones such as glucocorticoids, ______, and norepinephrine, as well as ______. ______ cause inflammation and fever. The stress response is affected by individual differences, such as attitude.

Answer 16

epinephrine,
cytokines,
Cytokines,

Question 17

The anterior pituitary releases the _______, which in turn triggers the release of _______ from the adrenal cortex.
Stress also triggers a response by the sympathetic nervous system which stimulates the _______ to release epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Answer 17

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),
glucocorticoids,
adrenal medulla.

Question 18

The effects of stress on the short term are generally good. You have an increase in a number of systems. Chronic stress, however, is pretty ______ to a number of systems, including the central nervous system. In the short term, stress aids the immune system. Long term stress ______ the immune system.

Answer 18

detrimental,

hurts