Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1Biopsychology > Chapter 12 - Hunger, Eating, and Health > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Hunger, Eating, and Health Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion

A

The process by which food is broken down and absorbed through the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lipids

A

Fats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Amino acids

A

The building blocks and breakdown products of proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar that is the breakdown product of complex carbohydrates; it is the body’s primary, directly utilizable source of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cephalic phase

A

The metabolic phase during which the body prepares for food that is about to be absorbed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Absorptive phase

A

The metabolic phase during which the body is operating on the energy from a recently consumed meal and is storing the excess as body fat, glycogen, and proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fasting phase

A

The metabolic phase that begins when energy from the preceding meal is no longer sufficient to meet the immediate needs of the body and during which energy is extracted from fat and glycogen stores.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Insulin

A

A pancreatic hormone that facilitates the entry of glucose into cells and the conversion of bloodborne fuels to forms that can be stored.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Glucagon

A

A pancreatic hormone that promotes the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, their conversion to ketones, and the use of both as sources of energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

The process by which protein is converted to glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Free fatty acids

A

The main source of the body’s energy during the fasting phase; released from adipose tissue in response to high levels of glucagon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ketones

A

Breakdown products of free fatty acids that are used by muscles as a source of energy during the fasting phase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The primary function of the _______ is to serve as a storage reservoir for undigested food.

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Most of the absorption of nutrients into the body takes place through the wall of the _______, or upper intestine.

A

duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The phase of energy metabolism that is triggered by the expectation of food is the ______ phase.

A

cephalic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

During the absorptive phase, the pancreas releases a great deal of _______ into the bloodstream.

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

During the fasting phase, the primary fuels of the body are _______.

A

free fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

During the fasting phase, the primary fuel of the brain is _______.

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The three components of a set-point system are a set-point mechanism, a detector, and an _______.

A

effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The theory that hunger and satiety are regulated by a blood glucose set point is the _______ theory.

A

glucostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Evidence suggests that hunger is greatly influenced by the current _______ value of food.

A

positive-incentive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Most humans have a preference for sweet, fatty, and _______ tastes.

A

salty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

There are two mechanisms by which we learn to eat diets containing essential vitamins and minerals: one mechanism for _______ and another mechanism for rest.

A

sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Satiety that is specific to the particular foods that produce it is called _______ satiety.

A

sensory-specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

As a consequence of digestion, energy is delivered to the body in three forms:

A
  • lipids (fats),
  • amino acids (the breakdown products of proteins),
  • glucose (a simple sugar the is the breakdown product of complex carbohydrates, that is, starches and sugars).
26
Q

Energy is stored in three forms:

A
  • fats
  • glycogen
  • proteins
27
Q

Most of the body’s energy reserves are stored as:

A

fats

28
Q

Two reasons why fat, rather than glycogen, is the primary mode of energy storage:

A
  • a gram of fat can store almost twice as much energy as a gram of glycogen.
  • glycogen, unlike fat, attracts and holds substantial quantities of water. Consequently, if all your fat calories were stored as glycogen, you would likely weigh well over 600 pounds.
29
Q

Three phases of energy metabolism (the chemical changes by which energy is made available for an organism’s use):

A
  • cephalic phase,
  • absorptive phase,
  • fasting phase.
30
Q

The flow of energy during the three phases of energy metabolism is controlled by two pancreatic hormones:

A
  • Insulin

- glucagon

31
Q

Set-point assumption

A

The assumption that hunger is based on set-point (add more!!!! Not finished)

32
Q

Lipogenesis

A

The production of body fat.

33
Q

Lipolysis

A

The breakdown of body fat to utilize forms of energy.

34
Q

Adipsia

A

A complete cessation of drinking.

35
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

The rate at which energy is utilized to maintain bodily processes when resting.

36
Q

Aphagia

A

A complete cessation of eating.

37
Q

The classic study of Washburn and cannon

A

Ballon in stomach to measure stomach contractions

38
Q

The expectation of a meal normally stimulates the release of _______ into the blood, which reduces blood glucose.

A

insulin

39
Q

In the 1950s, the ________ hypothalamus was thought to be a satiety center.

A

ventromedial

40
Q

A disorder characterized by a complete cessation of eating is called ________.

A

aphagia

41
Q

________ is the breakdown of body fat to create useable forms of energy.

A

Lipolysis

42
Q

The classic study of Washburn and cannon was the perfect collaboration: Cannon had the ideas, and Washburn could swallow a _______.

A

balloon

43
Q

CCK is a gut peptide thought to be a ________ peptide.

A

satiety

44
Q

________ is the monoaminergic neurotransmitter that seems to playa role in satiety.

A

Serotonin

45
Q

Okinawans eat less and live _______.

A

longer

46
Q

Experimental studies of calorie _______ have shown that typical ad libitum (free feeding) levels of consumption are unhealthy in many mammalian species.

A

restriction

47
Q

As an individual grows fatter, further weight gain is minimized by diet-induced _______.

A

thermogenesis

48
Q

_______ models are more consistent with the facts of body-weight regulation than are set-point models.

A

Settling-point

49
Q

________ are to set points as leaky barrels are to settling points.

A

Thermostats

50
Q

Diet induced thermogenesis

A

The mechanism by which the body adjusts the efficiency of its energy utilization in response to its levels of body fat.

51
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

The rate at which energy is utilized to maintain bodily processes when resting.

52
Q

Settling point theory

A

Body weight drifts around a natural settling point– the level at which the various factors that influence body weight achieve an equilibrium.

The idea is that as body-fat levels increase, changes occur that tend to limit further increases until a balance is achieved between all factors that encourage weight gain and all those that discourage it.

53
Q

Fat is more than a passive storehouse of energy; it actively releases a peptide hormone called _______.

A

Leptin (thought to act as a negative feedback fat signal, reducing consumption).

54
Q

ob/ob mice

A

Nice that are homozygous for the mutant ob gene; their body fat produces no leptin, and they become very obese.

55
Q

The following findings supported the hypothesis that insulin serves as a negative feedback signal in the regulation of body fat:

A
  • brain levels of insulin were found to be positively correlated with levels of body fat.
  • receptors for insulin were found in the brain.
  • infusions of insulin into the brains of lab animals were found to reduce eating and body weight.
56
Q

Leptin levels are more closely correlated with ________, whereas insulin levels are more closely correlated with ________.

A

Subcutaneous fat (fat stores under the skin)

Visceral fat (fat stores around the internal organs)

57
Q

Receptors for both leptin and insulin are found in many parts of the nervous system, but most are located in the ________, particularly in the ______.

A

hypothalamus,

arcuate nucleus.

58
Q

Injections of _______ have shown to suppress eating and promote weight loss.

A

a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone

59
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

A peptide that is released by the gastrointestinal tract and is thought to function as a satiety signal.

60
Q

Hormone _________

Energy storage _________

A

Hormone = Glucagon

Energy store = Glycogen

1Biopsychology (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions