Chapter 11 - Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

A change in behavior that results from previous experience.

Question 2

Short term memory

Answer 2

What you’re working with right now.

If you’re distracted, it’s gone.

Question 3

Long term memory

Answer 3

Result of past experience.

Withstands distraction.

Question 4

Lobotomy

Answer 4

An operation in which a lobe, or a major part of one, is separated from the rest of the brain by a large cut but is not removed.

Question 5

Lobectomy

Answer 5

An operation in which a lobe, or a major part of one, is removed from the brain.

Question 6

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 6

Loss of memory for events or information learned before the amnesia-inducing brain injury.

Question 7

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 7

Loss of memory for events occurring after the amnesia-inducing brain injury.

Question 8

Global amnesia

Answer 8

Amnesia for information presented in all sensory modalities.

Question 9

Mnemonic

Answer 9

Memory related

Question 10

Remote memory

Answer 10

Memory for events of the distant past.

Question 11

Memory consolidation

Answer 11

The translation of short-term memories into long-term memories.

Question 12

H.M.’s specific problem appeared to be a difficulty in ________.

Answer 12

Memory consolidation.

Question 13

Explicit memories

Answer 13

Conscious long-term memories.

AKA declarative memories.

Question 14

Implicit memories

Answer 14

Long-term memories demonstrated by improved test performance without conscious awareness.

Question 15

Neuropsychological patients with a profile of mnemonic deficits similar to those of H.M., with preserved intellectual functioning, and with evidence of medial temporal lobe damage are said to suffer from __________.

Answer 15

Medial temporal lobe amnesia.

Question 16

Repetition priming tests

Answer 16

Tests that assess implicit memory.

Question 17

Explicit long-term memories come in two varieties:

Answer 17

• Semantic

- Episodic

Question 18

Semantic memories

Answer 18

Explicit memories for general facts or information.

Question 19

Episodic memories

Answer 19

Explicit memories for particular events (i.e., episodes) of one’s life.

Question 20

People with medial temporal lobe amnesia have particular difficulty with ________.

Answer 20

Episodic memories.

Question 21

Patients who have experienced global cerebral ischemia– that is, have experienced an interruption of blood supply to their entire brains– often suffer from ________.

Answer 21

Medial temporal lobe amnesia.

Question 22

Transient global amnesia

Answer 22

Defined by its sudden onset in the absence of any obvious cause in otherwise normal adults. As in other cases of medial temporal amnesia, there is severe anterograde amnesia and moderate retrograde amnesia for explicit episodic memories.

However, for transient global amnesia, the amnesia is transient, typically lasting only between 4 to 6 hours.

Question 23

Many hippocampal neurons are _____ cells.

Answer 23

Place

Question 24

Place cells

Answer 24

Neurons that respond only when a subject is in specific locations.

Question 25

Entorhinal cortex

Answer 25

An area of the medial temporal cortex that is a major source of neural signals to the hippocampus.

Question 26

Amygdala

Answer 26

Thought to play a special role in memory for the emotional significance of experiences. Fear learning.

Question 27

Patients with prefrontal cortex damage often have difficulty performing tasks that involve a series of responses. This is because they often show deficits in ________ and the temporal _______ of events.

Answer 27

working memory, | order

Question 28

Just as explicit memories of experiences are presumed to be stored in the circuits of the brain that mediated their ________, implicit memories of sensorimotor learning are presumed to be stored in _________.

Answer 28

original perception, | sensorimotor circuits.

Question 29

The cerebellum is thought to participate in the storage of memories of learned __________ through its various neuroplastic mechanisms.

Answer 29

sensorimotor skills

Question 30

The ________ is thought to store memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses -- the type of memories that develop incrementally over many trials.

Answer 30

striatum

Question 31

Although few would disagree that the ______ and the ______ play a role in sensorimotor memory, there is growing evidence that these structures also play a role in certain types of memory with no obvious motor component.

Answer 31

cerebellum, | striatum.

Question 32

Medial temporal lobe structure first implicated in spatial memory:

Answer 32

hippocampus

Question 33

Area of medial temporal cortex that participates in spatial memory through its hippocampal projections:

Answer 33

entorhinal cortex

Question 34

Large area of cortex that plays a role in object recognition: _____ temporal cortex.

Answer 34

medial

Question 35

Medial diencephalic nucleus that has been linked to Korsakoff's amnesia: ______

Answer 35

mediodorsal nucleus

Question 36

Cholinergic area that has been linked to the memory problems of Alzheimer's disease: ______

Answer 36

basal forebrain

Question 37

Large area of neocortex that participates in visual perception and memory for visual stimuli:

Answer 37

inferotemporal cortex

Question 38

Medial temporal lobe structure involved in the emotional significance of memories:

Answer 38

amygdala

Question 39

Large cortical area involved in memory for temporal order and in working memory:

Answer 39

prefrontal cortex

Question 40

Mesencephalic structure that has been implicated in the retention of eye-blink conditioning and other learned sensorimotor skills:

Answer 40

cerebellum

Question 41

Subcortical structure that has been linked to habit formation:

Answer 41

striatum

Question 42

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 42

The enduring facilitation of synaptic transmission that occurs following activation of synapses by high-intensity, high-frequency stimulation of the presynaptic neurons.

Question 43

LTP develops only if the firing of the _______ is followed by the firing of the ________.

Answer 43

presynaptic neuron, | postsynaptic neuron.

Question 44

The assumption the co-occurence is a physiological necessity for learning and memory is often referred to as _______.

Answer 44

Hebb's postulate for learning

Question 45

The ______ receptor is prominent at the synapses at which LTP is commonly studied.

Answer 45

NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)

Question 46

The NMDA receptor is a receptor for ______- the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain.

Answer 46

glutamate

Question 47

An NMDA receptor does not respond maximally unless two events occur simultaneously:

Answer 47

glutamate must bind to it, and the postsynaptic neuron must already be partially depolarized.

Question 48

Infantile amnesia

Answer 48

The normal inability to recall events from early childhood.

Question 49

Nootropics, or smart drugs

Answer 49

substances (drugs, supplements, herbal extracts, etc.) that are thought to improve memory.

Question 50

Korsakoff's syndrome

Answer 50

A neuro-psychological disorder that is common in alcoholics and whose primary symptom is severe memory loss.

Question 51

What is an advantage of having explicit memory?

Answer 51

Flexibility. Presumably, the evolution of explicit memory systems provided for the flexible use of information.

Question 52

Repetition priming tests

Answer 52

Tests of implicit memory; in one example, a list of words is presented, then fragments of the original words are presented and the subject is asked to complete them.

Question 53

Electroconvolsive shock (ECS)

Answer 53

An intense, brief, diffuse, seizure-inducing current that is administered to the brain through large electrodes attached to the scalp. Used for studying memory consolidation. ECS would erase from storage only those memories that had not yet been converted to structural synaptic changes. The length of the period of retrograde amnesia produced by an ECS would thus provide an estimate of the amount of time needed for memory consolidation.

Question 54

Standard consolidation theory

Answer 54

Theory that memories are temporarily stored in the hippocampus until they can be transferred to a more stable cortical storage system.

Question 55

Engram

Answer 55

A change in the brain that stores a memory.

Question 56

H.M. Had his _______ temporal lobes removed

Answer 56

Medial

Question 57

The mirror drawing test, the incomplete pictures test, and the repetition priming test are all tests of _____ memory.

Answer 57

Implicit

Question 58

H.M. was virtually incapable of forming new long term ______ memories.

Answer 58

explicit

Question 59

Support for the view that hippocampal damage can by itself cause amnesia comes from the study of R.B. who suffered _______ damage to the pyramidal cells of his CA1 hippocampal subfield.

Answer 59

ischemia

Question 60

The current view is that damage to the _______ diencephalon is responsible for the most of the memory deficits of people with Korsakoff's disease.

Answer 60

medial

Question 61

The gradual onset of Korsakoff's syndrome complicates the study of the resulting ______ amnesia.

Answer 61

retrograde

Question 62

The _____ nuclei are the structures in the medial diencephalon that have been most frequently implicated in memory.

Answer 62

mediodorsal

Question 63

Alzheimer's disease is associated with degeneration of the basal forebrain and resulting depletion of _____.

Answer 63

acetylcholine

Question 64

Post traumatic amnesia can be induced with _______ shock, which is used in the treatment of depression.

Answer 64

Electroconvulsive

Question 65

The gradual increase in the resistance of memories to disruption by brain trauma (e.g., ECS) is termed ________.

Answer 65

consolidation

Question 66

Because gradients of retrograde amnesia tend to be long, occurring over months or years, it is unlikely that memory consolidation is mediated by ________ neural activity, as hypothesized by Hebb.

Answer 66

reverberating

Question 67

The changes in the brain that store memories are called ______.

Answer 67

engrams

Question 68

The _______ is thought to store memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses-- the type of memories that develop incrementally over many trials. Sometimes, this is referred to as _______.

Answer 68

Striatum, | Habit forming.

Question 69

Working memory

Answer 69

the part of short-term memory that is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing