Chapter 18 - Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders

Question 1

Psychiatric disorders

Answer 1

A disorder of psychological function sufficiently severe to require treatment by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist.

Question 2

DSM-IV-TR

Answer 2

The current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, produced by the American Psychiatric Association.

Question 3

Positive symptoms

Answer 3

Symptoms of schizophrenia that involve the production of an abnormal behavior or trait (e.g., hallucinations).

Question 4

Negative symptoms

Answer 4

Symptoms of schizophrenia that involve the loss of a normal behavior or ability (e.g., anhedonia).

Question 5

Chlorpromazine

Answer 5

The first anti-schizophrenic drug.

Question 6

Reserpine

Answer 6

The first monoamine antagonist to be used in the treatment of schizophrenia; the active ingredient of the snakeroot plant.

Question 7

Haloperidol

Answer 7

A butyrophenone that was used as an anti-schizophrenic drug.

Question 8

Phenothiazines

Answer 8

A class of anti-schizophrenic drugs that bind effectively to both D1 and D2 receptors.

Question 9

Butyrophenones

Answer 9

A class of anti-schizophrenic drugs that bind primarily to D2 receptors.

Question 10

Neuroleptics

Answer 10

Drugs that alleviate schizophrenic symptoms.

Question 11

Atypical neuroleptics

Answer 11

Drugs that are effective against schizophrenia without binding strongly to D2 receptors.

Question 12

Clozapine

Answer 12

An atypical neuroleptic that is used to treat schizophrenia, does not produce Parkinsonian side effects, and does not have a high affinity for D2 receptors.

Question 13

Psychedelic drugs

Answer 13

Drugs whose primary action is to alter perception, emotion, and cognition.

Question 14

Anhedonia

Answer 14

A general inability to experience pleasure.

Question 15

Clinical depression (major depressive disorder)

Answer 15

Depression that is so severe that it is difficult for the patient to meet the essential requirements of daily life.

Question 16

Affective disorders

Answer 16

Depression and mania

Question 17

Mania

Answer 17

An affective disorder in which the patient is overconfident, impulsive, distractible, and highly energetic.

Question 18

Mood disorders

Answer 18

Affective disorders

Question 19

Bipolar affective disorder

Answer 19

A disorder of emotion in which the patient experiences periods of mania interspersed with periods of depression.

Question 20

Unipolar affective disorder

Answer 20

A disorder of emotion in which a patient experiences depression but no periods of mania.

Question 21

Reactive depression

Answer 21

Depression that is triggered by a negative experience.

Question 22

Endogenous depression

Answer 22

Depression that occurs with no apparent cause.

Question 23

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 23

Type of affective disorder in which attacks of depression and lethargy typically occur every winter, presumably triggered by the reduction in sunlight.

Question 24

Postpartum depression

Answer 24

Clinical depression that some women suffer after they have given birth.

Question 25

Iproniazid

Answer 25

The first antidepressant drug; monoamine oxidase inhibitor.

Question 26

MAO inhibitors

Answer 26

Antidepressant drugs that increase the level of monoamine neurotransmitters by inhibiting the action of monoamine oxidase.

Question 27

Cheese effect

Answer 27

The surges in blood pressure that occur when individuals taking MAO inhibitors consume tyramine-rich foods, such as cheese, pickles, etc..

Question 28

Tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 28

Drugs with an antidepressant action and a three-ring molecular structure; they selectively suppress REM sleep.

Question 29

Imipramine

Answer 29

The first tricyclic antidepressant drug.

Question 30

Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 30

Class of drugs that exert agonistic effects by blocking the reuptake of serotonin from synapses; used to treat depression.

Question 31

Prozac

Answer 31

The trade name of fluoxetine, the first selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor developed for treating depression.

Question 32

Mood stabilizers

Answer 32

A drug that blocks the rapid transition between depression and mania.

Question 33

Lithium

Answer 33

A metallic ion that is used in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder.

Question 34

Up-regulation

Answer 34

An increase in the number of receptors for a neurotransmitter in response to decreased release of that neurotransmitter.

Question 35

Three structures have been found to be abnormal in many structural and functional brain-imaging studies of affective disorders:

Answer 35

The amygdala, The medial prefrontal cortex, The hippocampus. Even the connections between these structures appears to be disturbed in some patients with affective disorders.

Question 36

Antischizophrenia medications typically affect

Answer 36

only the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Question 37

The first two antischizophrenic drugs were

Answer 37

chlorpromazine and reserpine

Question 38

The monoamine theory of depression is based on the fact that

Answer 38

most drugs used to treat depression are monoamine agonists.

Question 39

MAO inhibitors are no longer used in the treatment of depression because they

Answer 39

block MAO's ability to break down tyramine.

Question 40

The probability that a close biological relative (i.e., a parent, sibling, or child) of a patient suffering from schizophrenia will also be diagnosed with schizophrenia is about _____.

Answer 40

10%

Question 41

Schizophrenia typically begins in (what age range)

Answer 41

adolescence or early adulthood

Question 42

Chlorpromazine

Answer 42

binds to the D2 dopamine receptor

Question 43

Selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors are used in the treatment of

Answer 43

depression

Question 44

Name a positive symptom of schizophrenia

Answer 44

hallucinacions

Question 45

When insufficient neurotransmitter is released at a synapse, there is often compensatory ______ of the receptors.

Answer 45

up-regulation

Question 46

The first tricyclic antidepressant, was initially thought to be an antischizophrenic drug. However, it had no effect against schizophrenia but seemed to help some depressed patients.

Answer 46

Imipramine

Question 47

Four major classes of drugs have been used in the treatment of affective disorders:

Answer 47

- monoamine oxidase inhibitors - tricyclic antidepressants - selective monoamine-reuptake inhibitors - mood stabilizers

Question 48

The first antischizophrenic drug

Answer 48

chlorpromazine. Was developed as an antihistamine.

Question 49

Drugs (like chlorpromazine) that bind effectively to both D1 and D2 receptors.

Answer 49

phenothiazines

Question 50

Drugs (like haloperidol) that bind effectively to D2 receptors but not to D1 receptors.

Answer 50

butyrophenones

Question 51

Affective flattening

Answer 51

reduction or absence of emotional expression

Question 52

reduction or absence of emotional expression

Answer 52

affective flattening

Question 53

alogia

Answer 53

reduction or absence of speech

Question 54

reduction or absence of speech

Answer 54

alogia

Question 55

avolition

Answer 55

reduction or absence of motivation

Question 56

reduction or absence of motivation

Answer 56

avolition

Question 57

inability to experience pleasure

Answer 57

anhedonia

Question 58

catatonia

Answer 58

remaining motionless, often in awkward positions for long periods

Question 59

remaining motionless, often in awkward positions for long periods

Answer 59

catatonia

Question 60

Name some positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 60

delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect, incoherent speech or thought, odd behavior.

Question 61

inappropriate affect

Answer 61

failure to react with the appropiate emotion to positive or negative events

Question 62

Schizophrenia means

Answer 62

the splitting of psychic functions

Question 63

The primary symptom of the disorder (schizophrenia):

Answer 63

the breakdown of integration among emotion, thought, and action.

Question 64

Schizophrenia attacks about _____ of individuals of all races and cultural groups.

Answer 64

1%

Question 65

The concordance rate for schizophrenia in identical twins is substantially less than 100%, suggesting that

Answer 65

differences in experience have a significant effect on the development of schizophrenia.

Question 66

It is clear that schizophrenia has multiple causes. Many genes have been linked to the disorder, but

Answer 66

no single gene can cause schizophrenia. Instead, the genes act in combination with one another and experience to produce the disorder.

Question 67

The concordance rates for schizophrenia in identical twins are

Answer 67

45%

Question 68

Monoamine

Answer 68

a compound having a single amine group in its molecule, especially one that is a neurotransmitter (e.g., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine).

Question 69

Disorder of tics. Typically begins early in life-usually in childhood or early adolescence- with simple motor tics, such as eye blinking or head movements, but the symptoms tend to become more complex and severe as the patient grows older.

Answer 69

Tourette syndrome

Question 70

echolalia

Answer 70

repetition of another's words

Question 71

palilalia

Answer 71

repetition of one's own words

Question 72

coprolalia

Answer 72

uttering obscenities

Question 73

Tourette syndrome develops in approximately ___ of the population, and is three times more frequent in ____ than in _____.

Answer 73

.07%, males, females

Question 74

Some patients with Tourette syndrome also display signs of

Answer 74

attention-defecit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or both.

Question 75

Although the tics of Tourette syndrome are involuntary, they can be temporarily ______ with concentration and effort by the patient.

Answer 75

supressed,

Question 76

The greatest difficulty in studying Tourette syndrome is the fact that symptoms usually _______.

Answer 76

subside as people age

Question 77

Most research on the cerebral pathology associated with Tourette syndrome has focused on the _____. Patients with this disorder tend to have smaller _____. Presumably, the decision to suppress the tics comes from the prefrontal cortex, which initiates the suppression by acting on the ______.

Answer 77

caudate, caudate nuclei, caudate nuclei.

Question 78

An MRI study of children with Tourette syndrome documented thinning in ____ cortex that was particularly prominent in the areas that controlled the ____, ____ and ____.

Answer 78

sensorimotor, face, mouth, larynx (voice box).

Question 79

The tics of Tourette syndrome are usually treated with ______, which can reduce tics by about ______. Though, many patients refuse because of the adverse side affects.

Answer 79

neuroleptics, | 70%.

Question 80

The success of D2 receptor blockers in blocking Tourette tics is consistent with the current hypothesis that the disorder is related to an abnormality of the _______. The efficacy of thesee drugs especially implicates the ______, which is the target of many of the dopaminergic projections into the basal ganglia.

Answer 80

basal ganglia-thalamus-cortex feedback, | striatum (caudate plus putamen).

Question 81

Individuals who have not been diagnosed with schizophrenia but are at risk for the disorder (for example, because they have close relatives with schizophrenia) display ______.

Answer 81

reduced volumes in several brain areas

Question 82

Extensive ______ exists when patients first seek medical treatment and have their first brain scans. Subsequent brain scans reveal that the brain damage has ______. Damage to different areas of the brain develops at ______.

Answer 82

brain damage, continued to develop, different rates.

Question 83

Anxiety disorders are the most _____ of all psychiatric disorders. About _____ of people suffer from an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives. The incidence seems to be about ______ as great in females as in males.

Answer 83

prevalent, 17%, twice.

Question 84

Panic disorders

Answer 84

characterized by rapid-onset attacks of extreme fear and severe symptoms of stress (e.g., choking, heart palpitations, shortness of breath); they are often components of generalized anxiety and phobic disorders, but they also occur as separate disorders.

Question 85

Phobic anxiety disorders

Answer 85

similar to generalized anxiety disorders except that they are triggered by exposure to particular objects (e.g., birds, spiders) or situations (e.g., crowds, darkness).

Question 86

Generalized anxiety disorders

Answer 86

characterized by stress responses and extreme feelings of anxiety that occur in the absence of any obvious precipitating stimulus.

Question 87

Obsessive-compulsive disorders

Answer 87

characterized by frequently recurring, uncontrollable, anxiety-producing thoughts (obsessions) and impulses (compulsions). Responding to them is a means of dissipating the anxiety associated with them.

Question 88

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Answer 88

a persistent pattern of psychological distress following exposure to extreme stress, such as war or being the victim of sexual assault.

Question 89

Agoraphobia

Answer 89

a pathological fear of public places and open spaces.

Question 90

A pathological fear of public places and open spaces.

Answer 90

Agoraphobia

Question 91

repetition of another's words

Answer 91

echolalia

Question 92

repetition of one's own words

Answer 92

palilalia

Question 93

uttering obscenities

Answer 93

coprolalia