Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sensations and Perceptions > chapter 9-physiology and psychoacoustics > Flashcards

chapter 9-physiology and psychoacoustics Flashcards

1
Q

sound waves consist of what

A

pressure waves carried by vibrating air molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how fast do pressure waves move through air

how fast through water

A

335 meters per second

5x faster through water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

compressions

A

parts of the wave where air pressure is increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

rarefractions

A

parts of the wave where air pressure is decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

does sound travel through space

A

yes, but we can’t hear it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sound is created when

A

objects vibrate and pressure changes in the medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the simplest sound is a ___ wave, and has __ important properties

A

sine, 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

frequency

A

corresponding to the number of compression/rarefaction cycles per second, measured in hertz (Hz)
fine details with aspects of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hertz

A

Hz; cycles per second (cycles/second=Hz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

auditory range

A

20 Hz-20,000Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

amplitude

A

corresponding to the amount of change in pressure, measured in decibel (dB) sound pressure level (SPL); magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

decibels

A

dB; how we actually hear sounds; relative measure, relations to thresholds, logarithmic scale (logx where x=amplitude (physical)/threshold amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sound pressure level

A

SPL; in relation to threshold at 1000Hz->dB=0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

can decibels be positive or negative

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

phase

A

corresponding to the part of the cycle that a wave has reached at a given point in time, measured in degrees (0-360)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

human hearing used a limited range of frequencies (__) and sound pressure levels (__)

A

Hz, dB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sine waves are not common in everyday sounds because not many vibrations are ___

A

pure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

most sounds are ___

A

complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

complex sounds are best described as a ___ that displays how much ___ is present in each of the ___ in the sound

A

spectrum, energy, frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

complex sounds ___ across frequencies

A

combine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sine waves/___ tone

A

pure; wave form for which variation as a function of time is a sine function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

spectrum

A

representation of the relative energy present at each frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sounds are first collected from the environment by the ___ in the __ __

A

pinnae; outer ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pinna

A

outer, funnel-like part of the ear; flexible flap on the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

sound waves are funneled by the pinna into and through the ear canal, which ___ sound frequencies between 2000 and ___ HZ, and protects tympanic membrane from damang

A

enhance; 6000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

outer ear

A

pinna; focuses sound waves onto the entrance of the ear canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

shape and size of outer ear

A

amplify medium (band pass: 1500-7000Hz) sound frequencies and attenuate (reduce) high frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what physically moves the eardrum (tympanic membrane)

A

sound waves

29
Q

middle ear

A

physically transmits sound energy from the eardrum to the oval window in the inner ear

30
Q

small bones ___ the force received from the ear drum and concentrate it onto a small area of the oval window

A

amplify; middle ear

31
Q

to reduce loud sounds, the inner ear uses what muscle

A

the tensor temporal muscle

32
Q

acoustic reflex of the middle ear

A

protects ear from intense sounds; takes ~20ms

33
Q

what amplifies sounds in the middle ear

A

bones

34
Q

what attenuates sounds in the middle ear

A

muscles, ear drum, stapedius

35
Q

3 bones in the inner ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

36
Q

inner ear

A

fine changes in sound pressure are translated into neural signals; transduction

37
Q

function of the inner ear

A

roughly analogous to that of the retina

38
Q

cochlea

A

part of the inner ear where auditory transduction takes place

39
Q

hair cells

A

cells that support the stereocilia which transduce mechanical movement in the cochlea into neural activity sent to the brain stem (afferent)

40
Q

some hair cells also receive input from the brain

A

efferent

41
Q

how do hair cells cause changes in signaling to get transduction to occur

A

physically move

42
Q

1 inner hair cell goes to many afferent fibers

A

divergence

43
Q

more outer hair cells (3x more)

A

3500 inner, 10500 outer

44
Q

inner hair cells are

A

afferent, sensory

45
Q

outer hair cells are

A

efferent, motor feedback

46
Q

basilar membrane

A

plate of fibers that forms the base of the cochlear partition and separates the middle and tympanic canals in the cochlea

47
Q

cochlear partition

A

transduction of sound waves into neural signals

48
Q

inner hair cells; fluid displacement

A

deflects the stereocilia of inner hair cells, resulting in graded potentials (not action potentials)

49
Q

the base of each inner hair cell makes contact with __ fibers of the auditory nerve

A

afferent; divergence

50
Q

stereocilia

A

hairlike extensions on the tips of hair cells in the cochlea that initiate the release of neurotransmitters when they bend; mechanoreceptors

51
Q

simplified cross section through a ___ cochlea

A

uncoiled; moving fluid

52
Q

oval window is where __

A

fluid starts

53
Q

apex is the _____

A

farthest away; loose and wide

54
Q

base

A

stiff and thin

55
Q

travelling wave component

A

fluid/pressure displacement; standing wave; location of displacement for given frequency

56
Q

inner ear; frequency to place conversion

A

basilar membrane vibration at different sound frequencies

57
Q

coding of amplitude and frequency in the cochlea: place code

A

tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies, in which info about the particular frequency of an incoming sound wave is coded by the place along the cochlear partition with the greatest mechanical displacement

58
Q

the auditory nerve (AN)

A

responses of individual AN fibers to different frequencies are related to their place along the cochlear partition; hair cells connect to AN

59
Q

frequency selectivity

A

clearest when sounds are faint

60
Q

different AN fibers have different

A

thresholds

61
Q

rate saturation

A

the point at which a nerve fiber is firing as rapidly as possible and further stimulation is incapable to increasing the firing rate

62
Q

isointentisty curves

A

a chart measuring an AN fibers firing rate to a wide range of frequencies, all presented at the same intensity level

63
Q

rate intensity function

A

a map plotting firing rate of an auditory nerve fiber in response to a sound of constant frequency at increasing intensities

64
Q

psychoacoustics

A

the study of psychological correlates of the physical dimensions of acoustics

65
Q

intensity and loudness; audibility threshold

A

a map of just barely audible tones of varying frequencies (like contrast sensitivity function); more sensitive to mid range frequencies; lowest sound pressure level that can be reliably detected at a given frequency

66
Q

intensity and loudness; equal loudness curve

A

graph plotting sound pressure level (dB SPL) against the frequency for which a listener perceives constant loudness

67
Q

hearing aid

A

amplifies sound through the middle ear

68
Q

cochlear implant

A

electrically stimulate the inner ear, bypassing the outer and middle ear; directly stimulate auditory nerve fibers

69
Q

pitch

A

of times per second that a pattern of pressure change repeats; frequency

Sensations and Perceptions (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions