Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Sensations and Perceptions > chapter 12-spatial orientation and the vestibular system > Flashcards

chapter 12-spatial orientation and the vestibular system Flashcards

1
Q

problems with the vestibular system can lead to peculiar sensations

A

spatial disorientation, dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, blurred vision, illusory self-motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

spatial disorientation

A

any impairment of spatial orientation (sense of linear motion, angular motion, or tilt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

dizziness

A

nonspecific spatial disorientation; no specific direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

vertigo

A

sensation of rotation or spinning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

vestibular organs/vestibular system

A

the set of five organs (3 semicircular canals and two otolith organs) located in each inner ear that sense head motion and head orientation with respect to gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

vestibular organs help us in many ways, for instance; provide a sense of spatial orientation consisting of

A

linear motion, angular motion, tilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

spatial orientation

A

a sense comprised of three interacting sensory modalities; our sense of linear motion, angular motion and tilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

angular motion

A

rotation; can be sense when rotating head from side to side as if to say “no”; fluid motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

linear motion

A

sensed when accelerating or decelerating in a car; motion of hard substance/intertia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tilt

A

can be sensed when nodding head up and down as if to say “yes”; gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fluid and inertia processes what

A

acceleration, changes in velocity; starting and stopping motions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

gravity processes what

A

acceleration force, constant acceleration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

spatial orientation coordinates system for classifying direction on how many axes that are relative to what

A

3 axes; defined relative to the head of the person, independent of gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

x axis

A

points forward, in the direction the person is facing; forward and backward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

y axis

A

point laterally, out of the persons left ear; left and right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

z axis

A

point vertically, out of the top of the persons head; up and down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

linear motion-translation of movements

A

represented in terms of changes in the x y and z axes; any arbitrary linear motion can be represented as a change along these three axes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

linear motion; vector

A

amplitude (degree of acceleration and velocity, size of head movement), direction (line one moves along)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

three directions for sense of rotation

A

roll, pitch, yaw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

roll

A

rotation around the x axis (maybe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pitch

A

rotation around y axis (yes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

yaw

A

rotation around z axis (no)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

tilt

A

more of a constant position vs a motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

tilt is in regard to 2 axes

A

x and y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
semicircular canals
the three toroidal tubes that sense angular acceleration, a change in angular velocity;
26
otolith organs
mechanical structures that sense both linear acceleration and gravity
27
otolith organs offer sense of
linear velocity and tilt; hard structure inside that gets shifted within
28
semicircular canals source of
our sense of rotation; slosh fluid back and forth
29
semicircular canals have how many directions
3; anterior, posterior, horizontal
30
otolith organs are more localized; __ of them
2; utricle and saccule
31
hair cells are in semicircular canals and otolith organs
support the stereocilia that transduce mechanical movement in the vestibular labyrinth into neural activity sent to the brain stem
32
mechanoreceptors are in semicircular canals and otolith organs
sensory receptors that are responsive to mechanical stimulation (pressure, vibration, movement)
33
hair cells act as ____ in each of the five vestibular organs
mechanoreceptors
34
head motion causes hair stereocilia to ___, causing a change in hair cell ___ and altering ___ release (___ response)
deflect, voltage, neurotransmitter, gradient
35
degree to which stereocilia are bent determine how much ____ is released
neurotransmitter
36
hair cell responses; in the absence of stimulation
hair cells release neurotransmitter at a constant rate
37
hair cell responses; increase firing to rotation
in one direction and decrease firing to rotation in the opposite direction
38
hair cells have a ___ constant rate
high; ~100 spikes/sec vestibular nerve fibers
39
convey info by
increase or decreasing firing rate
40
depolarization
increase action potential rate
41
hyperpolarization
decrease action potential rate
42
amplitude
coded here in response rate; larger amplitude is depolarization
43
stereocilia not all the same height; bend to tallest
depolarization
44
stereocilia not all the same height; bend away from tallest
hyperpolarization
45
semicircular canals are filled with fluid and are what shaped
three-fourths of a toroid (donut shape)
46
ampulla
cross section of each canal swells substantially near where the canals join the vestibule
47
base area of semicircular canals is the
ampulla; hair cells that get activated by movement
48
edolymph
fluid thats moving around
49
semicircular canals are more sensitive to
certain areas; ex. horizontal semicircular canal responds to yaw rotation
50
push pull symmetry
hair cells in opposite ears respond in a complementary fashion to each other; when hair cells in the left ear depolarize, those in the analogous structure in the right ear hyperpolarize; overall activation is different between the 2 ears
51
tallest stereocilia located in the back; fluid in both ears moves
in the opposite direction of head motion, increase in one ear and decrease in the other ear
52
horizontal canal responds to what rotations
yaw
53
left posterior canal and ___ paired together
right anterior canal
54
right posterior canal and ___ paired together
left anterior canal
55
semicircular canal dynamics (fluid movement); neural activity is sensitive to
changes in rotation velocity
56
constant rotation of semicircular canal lead to decreased
responding from the canal neurons after a few seconds
57
semicircular canal dynamics have a burst of activity at ____; fluid stops moving with ____ ____; when you stop moving the fluid moves ____
acceleration; constant movement; backward
58
otolith organs sense what
acceleration and tilt
59
two otolith organs in each ear
utricle and saccule
60
utricle has how many hair cells
30,000
61
saccule has how many hair cells
16,000
62
hair cells in otolith organs are encased in what
otoconia
63
otoconia
gelatinous structure that contains calcium carbonate crystals
64
hair cells in otoconia have similar push pull symmetry because the stereocilia
converge
65
coding of amplitude in the otolith organs; larger accelerations move
the otolith organs otoconia more, and leads to greater deflectin of the hair cell bundles
66
response from tilt
substained
67
response from rotational and linear
transient
68
directional coding in the otolith organs arises from
anatomical orientation of the organs
69
directional coding in the utricular macula
horizontal plane; tilt side to side
70
utricular macula movement is sensitive to
horizontal linear acceleration and gravity
71
directional coding in the saccular macula
vertical plane; tilt vertical
72
saccular macula movement is sensitive to
vertical linear acceleration and gravity
73
rotation perception
at first, constant rotation in the dark is perceive accurately. soon subjects feel as though they are slowing down. after 30 seconds, they no longer feel as if they are rotating.
74
velocity storage
time course habituation for perceived velocity is slower than time course of habituation for velocity neurons
75
tilt perception
accurate for perceiving tilt for angles between 0 degrees (upright) and 90 degrees (lying down)
76
tilt perception illusion
if you roll tilt your head to the left or right while looking at a vertical streak of light, the light appears to tilt in the opposite direction
77
sensory integration
the process of combining different sensory signals; leads to more accurate information than obtained from individual senses alone
78
visual vestibular integration
vection
79
vection
illusory sense of self motion produces when you aren't actually moving
80
sensory integration; observers looking at a rotational display report
rotational vection; subjects have the illusion of tilt but still feel vertical
81
why don't people feel as if they are turning upside down
the vestibular systems sense of gravity stops the illusion
82
vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VORs)
counter rotating the eyes to counteract head movements and maintain fixation on a target; keep eyes fixated on stimuli by moving them in the opposite direction of the head
83
vestibulo-autonomic responses include
motion sickness, vertigo
84
motion sickness
results when there is a disagreement between the motion and orientation signals provided by the semicircular canals, otolith organs, and vision; could be an evolutionary response to being poisoned
85
vertigo
distorted perception of orientation relative to vertical, or motion relative to the environment, accompanied by dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and postural instability; height vertigo and postural alcohol mystagmus
86
blood pressure is regulated by
vestibulo autonomic responses
87
height vertigo
body movement size no longer matches the visual angle changes
88
postural alcohol mystagmus
alcohol changes the density of semicircular canals

Sensations and Perceptions (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions