chapter 7-attention and scene perception Flashcards

1
Q

attention

A

any of the very large set of selective processes in the brain

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2
Q

to deal with the impossibility of handing all inputs at once, nervous system has evolved mechanisms that are able to ___ processing to a subset of things, places, ideas, or moments in time

A

restrict

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3
Q

selective attention

A

form of attention involved when processing is restricted to subset of possible stimuli; process some things but not others

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4
Q

what guides selective attention

A

whats important to you; endogenous, exogenous

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5
Q

endogenous

A

internal, symbolic

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6
Q

exogenous

A

external, peripheral

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7
Q

overt

A

directing sense organ at simulus

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8
Q

covert

A

focus eyes on one point while directing attention elsewhere

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9
Q

acuity variation

A

due to variation in receptive field size and cone density, usually what we are fixating on is what dominates our attention and brain processing

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10
Q

receptive field size and cone density; ___ resolution for things we look at ____

A

high, directly

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11
Q

top down processing

A

endogenous; thoughts, goals, knowledge; higher cognition

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12
Q

effects of top down processing

A

intentional control of switching, influenced by prior knowledge (initial impression wont switch unless you know about both)

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13
Q

necker cube

A

designed to look like a cube, no shading to say whats the front or whats the back

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14
Q

perceptual state

A

high level vision

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15
Q

bottom up processing

A

exogenous; local receptive fields, neural activation; low level and middle vision

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16
Q

bottom up influence

A

local mutual inhibition (visual system makes choice for you), neural adaptation (1st view strength decreases over time)

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17
Q

is attention spatially constrained or object oriented

A

both

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18
Q

spatial attention

A

move around a spotlight that involves greater processing of a location in space, even other than what you are looking at; other nearby things get attention

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19
Q

object based attention

A

you are processing something of interest, even if it moves; object properties will be given attention

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20
Q

ambiguous stimuli

A

show effects of top top processing and include bottom up influence

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21
Q

reaction time

A

measure of the time from the onset of a stimulus to a response

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22
Q

cue

A

a stimulus that might indicate where (or what) a subsequent stimulus will be

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23
Q

cues can be valid (__ info), invalid (__ info), or neutral (__)

A

correct, incorrect, uninformative

24
Q

RT decreases with __ cue

25
RT increases with __ cue
invalid
26
posner cuing paradigm
measure reaction time to stimuli;
27
stimulus onset asynchrony (soa)
time between onset of 1 stimulus and onset of another
28
inhibition of return
relative difficulty in getting attention to move back to recently attended location
29
behavioral cuing results
faster and more accurate for cued location;
30
physiological cuing results
ERP, shows different magnitude responses depending on contralateral and ipsilateral brain locations
31
example of object based attention
multiple object tracking
32
with multiple object tracking
can distribute attention to different objects
33
constraints of multiple object tracking
limited number of objects that you can accurately track, temporal limit-the faster they move the less you can track
34
visual search
looking for a target in a display containing distracting elements
35
target
goal of a visual search
36
distractor
in visual search, any stimulus other than the target
37
set size
number of items in a visual search display (iv, RT is dv)
38
feature search
parallel search; independent of distractors, low level; efficient, salience; RT doesn't change with set size
39
conjunction search
serial search; as number of distractors increase, takes longer to find; need top down unification or local vision attention to combine the factors; presence of 2 or more attributes
40
spatial configuration search
arrangement of elements in 3D space
41
how does attention work in terms of neural activity
response enhancement, sharper tuning, altered tuning
42
response enhancement
orientation tuning of neuron, prefer 1 over the other, change in threshold and response in single neuron; bigger response
43
sharper tuning
focus on some orientations and less than others, change in interaction between neurons, more mutual inhibition; more precise response
44
altered tuning
changed preference of orientation, change in receptive field input or different pattern of mutual inhibition
45
attention to specific part of the visual field causes neurons coding those locations to have __ activity
increased
46
increased activation detected using
fMRI (good spatial resolution); enhance/increase in what you pay attention to
47
single cell recording shows attention effects where
LGN
48
how could attention alter tuning of a receptive field
receptive fields of neurons are not completely fixed and can change in response to attentional demands
49
how do we perceive and understand scenes
selective and non-selective pathways
50
nonselective pathway processes what
scene gist and layout
51
spatial layout
description of the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects in a scene (openness and expansion), attention bottleneck
52
memory for objects and scenes is
good and bad
53
brady et al. performed task with subjects looking at 2500 objects in the training phase and then chose which of two they had seen in test phase
different types of categories - 92% different examples within category- 88% same object, different states- 87% unintended memory
54
change blindness
failure to notice change between 2 scenes; if the change doesn not change gist of the scene probably wont notice
55
mask present
treat as 2 different images, huge transient signal
56
mask abent
local motion signal, local transient signal
57
inattentional blindness
failure to notice, or at least report, stimulus that would be reportable if attended