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Sensations and Perceptions > chapter 7-attention and scene perception > Flashcards

chapter 7-attention and scene perception Flashcards

1
Q

attention

A

any of the very large set of selective processes in the brain

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2
Q

to deal with the impossibility of handing all inputs at once, nervous system has evolved mechanisms that are able to ___ processing to a subset of things, places, ideas, or moments in time

A

restrict

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3
Q

selective attention

A

form of attention involved when processing is restricted to subset of possible stimuli; process some things but not others

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4
Q

what guides selective attention

A

whats important to you; endogenous, exogenous

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5
Q

endogenous

A

internal, symbolic

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6
Q

exogenous

A

external, peripheral

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7
Q

overt

A

directing sense organ at simulus

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8
Q

covert

A

focus eyes on one point while directing attention elsewhere

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9
Q

acuity variation

A

due to variation in receptive field size and cone density, usually what we are fixating on is what dominates our attention and brain processing

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10
Q

receptive field size and cone density; ___ resolution for things we look at ____

A

high, directly

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11
Q

top down processing

A

endogenous; thoughts, goals, knowledge; higher cognition

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12
Q

effects of top down processing

A

intentional control of switching, influenced by prior knowledge (initial impression wont switch unless you know about both)

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13
Q

necker cube

A

designed to look like a cube, no shading to say whats the front or whats the back

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14
Q

perceptual state

A

high level vision

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15
Q

bottom up processing

A

exogenous; local receptive fields, neural activation; low level and middle vision

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16
Q

bottom up influence

A

local mutual inhibition (visual system makes choice for you), neural adaptation (1st view strength decreases over time)

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17
Q

is attention spatially constrained or object oriented

A

both

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18
Q

spatial attention

A

move around a spotlight that involves greater processing of a location in space, even other than what you are looking at; other nearby things get attention

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19
Q

object based attention

A

you are processing something of interest, even if it moves; object properties will be given attention

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20
Q

ambiguous stimuli

A

show effects of top top processing and include bottom up influence

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21
Q

reaction time

A

measure of the time from the onset of a stimulus to a response

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22
Q

cue

A

a stimulus that might indicate where (or what) a subsequent stimulus will be

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23
Q

cues can be valid (__ info), invalid (__ info), or neutral (__)

A

correct, incorrect, uninformative

24
Q

RT decreases with __ cue

A

valid

25
Q

RT increases with __ cue

A

invalid

26
Q

posner cuing paradigm

A

measure reaction time to stimuli;

27
Q

stimulus onset asynchrony (soa)

A

time between onset of 1 stimulus and onset of another

28
Q

inhibition of return

A

relative difficulty in getting attention to move back to recently attended location

29
Q

behavioral cuing results

A

faster and more accurate for cued location;

30
Q

physiological cuing results

A

ERP, shows different magnitude responses depending on contralateral and ipsilateral brain locations

31
Q

example of object based attention

A

multiple object tracking

32
Q

with multiple object tracking

A

can distribute attention to different objects

33
Q

constraints of multiple object tracking

A

limited number of objects that you can accurately track, temporal limit-the faster they move the less you can track

34
Q

visual search

A

looking for a target in a display containing distracting elements

35
Q

target

A

goal of a visual search

36
Q

distractor

A

in visual search, any stimulus other than the target

37
Q

set size

A

number of items in a visual search display (iv, RT is dv)

38
Q

feature search

A

parallel search; independent of distractors, low level; efficient, salience; RT doesn’t change with set size

39
Q

conjunction search

A

serial search; as number of distractors increase, takes longer to find; need top down unification or local vision attention to combine the factors; presence of 2 or more attributes

40
Q

spatial configuration search

A

arrangement of elements in 3D space

41
Q

how does attention work in terms of neural activity

A

response enhancement, sharper tuning, altered tuning

42
Q

response enhancement

A

orientation tuning of neuron, prefer 1 over the other, change in threshold and response in single neuron; bigger response

43
Q

sharper tuning

A

focus on some orientations and less than others, change in interaction between neurons, more mutual inhibition; more precise response

44
Q

altered tuning

A

changed preference of orientation, change in receptive field input or different pattern of mutual inhibition

45
Q

attention to specific part of the visual field causes neurons coding those locations to have __ activity

A

increased

46
Q

increased activation detected using

A

fMRI (good spatial resolution); enhance/increase in what you pay attention to

47
Q

single cell recording shows attention effects where

A

LGN

48
Q

how could attention alter tuning of a receptive field

A

receptive fields of neurons are not completely fixed and can change in response to attentional demands

49
Q

how do we perceive and understand scenes

A

selective and non-selective pathways

50
Q

nonselective pathway processes what

A

scene gist and layout

51
Q

spatial layout

A

description of the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects in a scene (openness and expansion), attention bottleneck

52
Q

memory for objects and scenes is

A

good and bad

53
Q

brady et al. performed task with subjects looking at 2500 objects in the training phase and then chose which of two they had seen in test phase

A

different types of categories - 92%
different examples within category- 88%
same object, different states- 87%
unintended memory

54
Q

change blindness

A

failure to notice change between 2 scenes; if the change doesn not change gist of the scene probably wont notice

55
Q

mask present

A

treat as 2 different images, huge transient signal

56
Q

mask abent

A

local motion signal, local transient signal

57
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to notice, or at least report, stimulus that would be reportable if attended

Sensations and Perceptions (16 decks)

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