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Sensations and Perceptions > Chapter 6- Space Perception And Binocular Vision > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Space Perception And Binocular Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Euclidean

A

Geometry of the real world

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2
Q

Why 2 eyes

A

So we can lose one but still see; see more of the world

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3
Q

Visual field is limited

A

190 degrees from left to right with 110 covered by both

140 degrees vertically with 60 above eyebrows and 80 down cheeks

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4
Q

Retinal images vary in __ dimensions (__ and __), but the world is in ___ dimensions

A

Two (x and y), three

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5
Q

Number of visual cues in the image provide information about the third dimension, which is ___

A

Depth

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6
Q

Eye cues are also available in the state of the ___ muscles

A

Oculomotor; physically moving eyes, muscle signals

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7
Q

____ cues involve combining the info from our two eyes together

A

Neural; only in higher level brain area

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8
Q

monocular cues

A

1 eye; depth cue that is available even when the world is viewed by just 1 eye

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9
Q

binocular cues

A

2 eyes; info from both eyes; setereopsis, convergence, seeing more info

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10
Q

relative size

A

object of a known size; comparison

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11
Q

relative height

A

further away, the higher up they appear on retina; objects at different distances from viewer on the ground plane will form images at different heights in the retinal image

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12
Q

texture gradient

A

building with windows, see fine detail vs things smooshed together

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13
Q

occlusion

A

something in front of something else; cue to depth order

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14
Q

arial perspective

A

due to the atmosphere, you lose contrast with distance (scattering); more light is scattered when we look through more atmosphere

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15
Q

linear perspective

A

as parallel lines get further away, they start to look closer; parallel in 3D, look like they converge in 2D, converge at vanishing point

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16
Q

visual cues (pictoral cues) include

A

relative size, relative height, texture gradient, occlusion, aerial perspective, motion parallax, shadows

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17
Q

eye cues (muscle cues) include

A

accommodation, vergence

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18
Q

neural cues (cortical) inclue

A

binocularity disparity

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19
Q

occlusion and shadows offer ___ info only

A

ordinal; just know that one thing is in front of the other

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20
Q

accomodation

A

the eyes lens must change shape to maintain sharply focused image as object distance varies; change shape to influence optic power

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21
Q

light rays from distant objects are nearly parallel and don’t need as much ___ to bring them to focus

A

refraction

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22
Q

lights rays from close objects ____ and need more refraction for focusing

A

diverge

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23
Q

ciliary muscles ___, fibers slack, lens rounds to ___ strength for close vision

A

contract, greater

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24
Q

ciliary muscles ___ fibers taut, lens at ___ strength for distant vision

A

relaxed, minimum

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25
Q

less refraction for stuff ____, more refraction for stuff ___

A

far way, up close

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26
Q

vergence

A

the extraocular muscles turn the eyes in toward each other to maintain binocular fixation, to an extent that depends on fixation distance; vergence angle is how much eye is turned (strabismum)

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27
Q

divergence

A

fixating a distant object, vergence angle is small, eyes turn outward

28
Q

convergence

A

while fixating a near object, vergence angle is large, eyes turn inward

29
Q

binocular disparity

A

the differences between the two retinal images of the same scene

30
Q

disparity

A

basis for stereopsis, vivid perception of the three-dimensionality of the world that is not available with monocular vision

31
Q

eyes are set apart, so they get ____ images

A

slightly different

32
Q

when looking at something, eyes straight ahead, spot fall on ___ of ___

A

both, foveas

33
Q

if we aren’t directly looking at something, it falls ___

A

on different spots

34
Q

the farther away the thing we are looking at is

A

the more inside it is on the fovea

35
Q

the closer something is that we are looking at

A

outside fovea

36
Q

crossed

A

right eye to left visual field, left eye to right visual field ; near disparity; in front of plane of fixation

37
Q

uncrossed

A

eye and visual field are the same; far disparity; behind plane of fixation

38
Q

zero disparity

A

equidistant from point of fixation, horopter line

39
Q

stereopsis

A

ability to use binocular disparity as cue to depth

40
Q

corresponding retinal points

A

geometric concept stating that points on the retina of each eye where the monocular retinal images of a single object are formed at the same distance from the fovea in each eye

41
Q

horopter

A

the location of objects whose images lie on the corresponding points; surface of zero disparity

42
Q

random dot stereorgrams show that ___ alone is sufficient to support and impression of depth

A

disparity

43
Q

how are random dot stereogram’s constructed

A

one image is deliveredto each eye, two images contain identical arrays of dots, except that a subset of dots in one image is shifted in position relative to their position in the other image

44
Q

an object is possible if ____ between two eyes made

A

correct match

45
Q

objects on the ___ are seen as single imaged when viewed with both eyes

A

horopter

46
Q

panum’s fusional area

A

the region of space, in front of and behind the horopter, within which binocular single vision is possible; wider range around the horopter

47
Q

objects closer or farther away from the horopter fall on ___ points in the two eyes and are seen as two objects

A

noncorresponding

48
Q

diplopia

A

double vision. if visible in both eyes, stimuli falling outside of panum’s fusional area will appear diplopic

49
Q

binocular rivalry

A

the competition between the two eyes for control of visual perception, which is evident when completely different stimuli are presented to the two eyes

50
Q

the competition of binocular rivalry is ____ an d___

A

equal and balanced

51
Q

interocular suppression

A

image from one eye perceived, image from the other eye is not perceived; people with strabismus

52
Q

input from two eyes must __ onto the same cell

A

converge

53
Q

binocular neurons respond best when the retinal images are on __ points in the two retinas: neural basis for the ___

A

corresponding; horopter

54
Q

___ neurons are tuned ot particular binocular disparity

A

binocular

55
Q

texture gradient

A

relative distance of the object, squash faster along vertical rather than horizontal

56
Q

motion parallax

A

images closer to the observer move faster across the visual field than images farther away; based on head movement, objects closer shift position more

57
Q

cast shadows

A

1 object onto another, relative distance between object and light source

58
Q

attached shadows

A

within same object, local depth parts of object put shadows on other parts of the object

59
Q

shadows assume

A

convex objects, light is from above

60
Q

combining info from different cues can derive robust, reliable depth estimates when given the ___ between cues

A

correlation

61
Q

___ vary in availability and reliability

A

individual cues

62
Q

assumed that human depth estimates are based on ___ average of cue values, with weights varying according to viewing conditions

A

weighted

63
Q

hollow face illusion

A

concave mask perceived as convex when monocular cues dominate because of assumptions about objects and shadows

64
Q

strabismus

A

misalignment in the eyes; brain suppresses 1 image of the 2 on each fovea to avoid diplopia

65
Q

amblypia

A

weak vision in one eye

66
Q

strabismus and amblypia are main reason to not have __ __ __

A

stereoscopic depth perception, environmental causes

Sensations and Perceptions (16 decks)

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