chapter 15-taste Flashcards
neural signals conveyed to brain by taste nerves and occurs where
taste buds
papillae
bumps on tongue, embedded in structures
each taste bud contains
taste receptor cells
info sent to brain from taste buds via
cranial nerves
different papillae classified by
size, shape, location
microvilli
slender projections of the cell membrane on the tips of some taste bud cells that extend in to the taste pore
receptor cells are grouped into about 10,000 taste buds, that each have how man receptor cells
50-150
life span of taste receptors
10 days
sweet tastes where on tongue
tip-fungiform
bitter tastes where on tongue
back-circumvallate
salty tastes where on tongue
throughout
sour tastes where on tongue
sides-foliate
tastant
any stimulus that can be tasted
tastants can be divided into how many categories
2
salty or sour tastes made of
small, charged particles
small ion channels in ___ membranes allow some types of charge particles to enter but not others
microvilli
tastants that taste sweet or bitter are perceived using what receptors
g protein coupled receptors
salty ion channels
based on concentrations of cations
sour ion channels
based on the degree of acidity
bitter taste receptors
diff or multiple types of receptors, all result in bitterness; don’t distinguish between tastes of different bitter compounds, sensitive to a range of chemicals
sweet taste receptors
single receptor responsible for all sweet perception
infants behavior and facial expressions reveal innate ____ for certain foods
preferences
different flavored foods placed on tips of infants tongues
sweet produces smile
sour produces pursed lips
bitter produces gaping, spitting, vomiting movements
survival value
specific hunger theory
drawn to certain food when our body lacks them
umami
monosodium glutamate
safety issues in human consumption for MSG
numbness, headache, flushing, tingling, sweating, and tightness in the chest if sensitive individuals consume a large amount
why is umami not a basic taste
no specific glutamate receptors i the mouth, requires swallowing for learned associations, receptors in your gut that do this
we taste different things by coding with
labeled line
theory of taste coding in which each taste fiber carries a particular taste quality like what other theory
specific nerve energy; taste like which receptors are activated
other possibility of coding taste
patterns of activity across many different taste neurons
specific tastes for a specific foods are a ____ across taste receptor types
combo
population coding allows for
distinctiveness
PTC tastes different to different people
bitter to some, but not others
nontasters
individuals with two recessive genes
supertaster
individual who is a taster of PTC/PROP and has a high density of fungiform papillae-perceives the most intense taste sensations
genetic variants of supertasters
more receptor cells, stronger reactions
connection between taste and smell: brain imaging studies
brain processes odors differently depending on whether they come from nose or mouth
food industry adds sugar to intensify sensation of fruit juice
increase in sweetness increases perceived olfactory sensation of fruit, increasing color can increase flavor sensation
liking/hedonics occurs where
frontal lobe (orbitofrontal)-combo of senses for liking
flavor
the combination of true taste and retronasal olfaction
true taste
sweet, salty, sour, bitter
retronasal olfactory sensation
the sensation of an odor that is perceived when chewing and swallowing force an odorant in the mouth up behind the palate into the nose
taste processing in the brain occurs where
insular cortex and orbitofrontal cortex
insular cortex
primary cortical processing area for taste
orbitofrontal cortex
part of the frontal lobe of the cortex that lies above the bone containing the eyes, response for hedonic perception
