chapter 15-taste

Question 1

neural signals conveyed to brain by taste nerves and occurs where

Answer 1

taste buds

Question 2

papillae

Answer 2

bumps on tongue, embedded in structures

Question 3

each taste bud contains

Answer 3

taste receptor cells

Question 4

info sent to brain from taste buds via

Answer 4

cranial nerves

Question 5

different papillae classified by

Answer 5

size, shape, location

Question 6

microvilli

Answer 6

slender projections of the cell membrane on the tips of some taste bud cells that extend in to the taste pore

Question 7

receptor cells are grouped into about 10,000 taste buds, that each have how man receptor cells

Answer 7

50-150

Question 8

life span of taste receptors

Answer 8

10 days

Question 9

sweet tastes where on tongue

Answer 9

tip-fungiform

Question 10

bitter tastes where on tongue

Answer 10

back-circumvallate

Question 11

salty tastes where on tongue

Answer 11

throughout

Question 12

sour tastes where on tongue

Answer 12

sides-foliate

Question 13

tastant

Answer 13

any stimulus that can be tasted

Question 14

tastants can be divided into how many categories

Answer 14

2

Question 15

salty or sour tastes made of

Answer 15

small, charged particles

Question 16

small ion channels in ___ membranes allow some types of charge particles to enter but not others

Answer 16

microvilli

Question 17

tastants that taste sweet or bitter are perceived using what receptors

Answer 17

g protein coupled receptors

Question 18

salty ion channels

Answer 18

based on concentrations of cations

Question 19

sour ion channels

Answer 19

based on the degree of acidity

Question 20

bitter taste receptors

Answer 20

diff or multiple types of receptors, all result in bitterness; don’t distinguish between tastes of different bitter compounds, sensitive to a range of chemicals

Question 21

sweet taste receptors

Answer 21

single receptor responsible for all sweet perception

Question 22

infants behavior and facial expressions reveal innate ____ for certain foods

Answer 22

preferences

Question 23

different flavored foods placed on tips of infants tongues

Answer 23

sweet produces smile
sour produces pursed lips
bitter produces gaping, spitting, vomiting movements
survival value

Question 24

specific hunger theory

Answer 24

drawn to certain food when our body lacks them

Question 25

umami

Answer 25

monosodium glutamate

Question 26

safety issues in human consumption for MSG

Answer 26

numbness, headache, flushing, tingling, sweating, and tightness in the chest if sensitive individuals consume a large amount

Question 27

why is umami not a basic taste

Answer 27

no specific glutamate receptors i the mouth, requires swallowing for learned associations, receptors in your gut that do this

Question 28

we taste different things by coding with

Answer 28

labeled line

Question 29

theory of taste coding in which each taste fiber carries a particular taste quality like what other theory

Answer 29

specific nerve energy; taste like which receptors are activated

Question 30

other possibility of coding taste

Answer 30

patterns of activity across many different taste neurons

Question 31

specific tastes for a specific foods are a ____ across taste receptor types

Answer 31

combo

Question 32

population coding allows for

Answer 32

distinctiveness

Question 33

PTC tastes different to different people

Answer 33

bitter to some, but not others

Question 34

nontasters

Answer 34

individuals with two recessive genes

Question 35

supertaster

Answer 35

individual who is a taster of PTC/PROP and has a high density of fungiform papillae-perceives the most intense taste sensations

Question 36

genetic variants of supertasters

Answer 36

more receptor cells, stronger reactions

Question 37

connection between taste and smell: brain imaging studies

Answer 37

brain processes odors differently depending on whether they come from nose or mouth

Question 38

food industry adds sugar to intensify sensation of fruit juice

Answer 38

increase in sweetness increases perceived olfactory sensation of fruit, increasing color can increase flavor sensation

Question 39

liking/hedonics occurs where

Answer 39

frontal lobe (orbitofrontal)-combo of senses for liking

Question 40

flavor

Answer 40

the combination of true taste and retronasal olfaction

Question 41

true taste

Answer 41

sweet, salty, sour, bitter

Question 42

retronasal olfactory sensation

Answer 42

the sensation of an odor that is perceived when chewing and swallowing force an odorant in the mouth up behind the palate into the nose

Question 43

taste processing in the brain occurs where

Answer 43

insular cortex and orbitofrontal cortex

Question 44

insular cortex

Answer 44

primary cortical processing area for taste

Question 45

orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 45

part of the frontal lobe of the cortex that lies above the bone containing the eyes, response for hedonic perception