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Sensations and Perceptions > chapter 2-the first steps in vision > Flashcards

chapter 2-the first steps in vision Flashcards

1
Q

light

A

narrow band of electromagnetic radiation that can be conceptualized as a wave or a stream of photons

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2
Q

waves

A

property of light; color and reflection (and refraction)

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3
Q

photons

A

packets of energy/ligh

low light situations and absorbing

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4
Q

ray

A

light travels in particular direction

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5
Q

energy varies with

A

wavelength

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6
Q

visible light between ___ and ___ nm

A

400 (violet, more energy), 700 (red, less energy)

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7
Q

absorbed

A

energy that is taken up, not transmitted at all, necessary for detection

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8
Q

scattered

A

energy that is dispersed in an irregular fashion; less focused, atmosphere

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9
Q

reflected

A

energy that is redirected when it strikes a surface, needed to see nonlight sources

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10
Q

transmitted

A

energy that is passed on through a surface, without much alteration of direction

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11
Q

refracted

A

energy that is altered as it passes into another medium, focusing, good thing-lenses

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12
Q

cornea

A

front of eye, transparent cells (no blood vessels), refraction, transmitted

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13
Q

pupil

A

hole that light goes though, center of iris

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14
Q

iris

A

muscle that controls the width of pupil and the amount of light, absorbs light (not useful), reflect (eye color)

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15
Q

lens

A

transparent cells, refraction, control shape to focus

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16
Q

retina/fovea

A

sensation, absorb, transduction, location of photoreceptors

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17
Q

presbyopia

A

old age relatedd vision loss, stiffening of the lens

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18
Q

refraction is necessary to focus light rays onto the ___ and this is accomplished by the ____

A

retina, lens

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19
Q

accommodation

A

process in which lens changes its shape, altering its refractive power, focus image on retina, most useful for up close objects, moves image point forward

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20
Q

emmetropia

A

happy condition of no refractive error

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21
Q

way the lens refracts light causes point of focus of the image to be in front of or behind the retina

A

problems of refraction

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22
Q

myopia

A

nearshightedness, when light entering the eye is focused in front of the retina, and distant objects cannot be seen sharply
eyeball too long for given refractive power, too much power

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23
Q

hyperopia

A

when light entering the eye is focused behind the retina, farsightedness
eyeball is too short given refractive power, not enough power

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24
Q

accommodation cans what refraction problem

A

hyperopia

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25
Q

resolution

A

the ability of the eye to resolve fine spatial detail in the image

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26
Q

sensitivity

A

ability of the eye to respond at very low levels of retinal illumination

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27
Q

____ requires distinguishing between responses of nearby receptors; subtractive differentiation

A

resolution

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28
Q

___ is improved by summing responses across nearby photoreceptors; grouping things

A

sensitivity

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29
Q

photoreceptors

A

cells in the retina that initially transduce light energy into neural energy

30
Q

rods

A

photoreceptors that are specialized for night vision; respond well in low luminance conditions, not process color

31
Q

cones

A

photoreceptors that are specialized for daylight vision, fine visual acuity and color, best in high luminance conditions

32
Q

center of the retina, packed full of cones

A

fovea

33
Q

age related macular degeneration

A

central part of vision deteriorates

34
Q

dry macular degeneration

A

less individual photoreceptors,

35
Q

wet macular degeneration

A

wide loss of photoreceptors because of fluid release

36
Q

bipolar cells

A

exist between photoreceptors and ganglion cell, transmits information; vertical movement

37
Q

amacrine cells

A

makes synaptic contacts with bipolar cells and ganglion cells; spread horizontally; enhancement and temporal sensitivity

38
Q

horizontal cells

A

lateral inhibition, influence overall light response

39
Q

___ and ___ form lateral path in the retina

A

amacrine and horizontal cells

40
Q

rod bipolars are all ___ cells, connect rods to ___ cells, and then connect to ON or OFF cone bipolars

A

ON, amacrine

41
Q

ON bipolar cells

A

activated by the presence of light

42
Q

OFF bipolar cells

A

activated by offset/absence of light

43
Q

diffuse bipolar cell

A

spread out to receive input from multiple cones

44
Q

midget bipolar cell

A

small, central in retina and receives input from 1 cone

45
Q

property: photoreceptor type
fovea:
periphery

A

mostly cones

mostly rods

46
Q

property: bipolar cell type
fovea
periphery

A

midget

diffuse

47
Q

property: convergence
fovea
periphery

A

low (p ganglion cells)

high (m ganglion cells)

48
Q

property: receptive field size
fovea
periphery

A

small

large

49
Q

property: acuity (detail)
fovea
periphery

A

high

low

50
Q

property: light sensitivity
fovea
periphery

A

low

high

51
Q

convergence

A

idea of many into few, lots of rods into less ganglion cells

52
Q

divergence

A

less onto many, cones

53
Q

vertical pathway of retina

A

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

54
Q

P ganglion cells

A

connect to the parvocellular pathway

55
Q

parvocellular pathway

A

visual acuity, color and shape processing

56
Q

temporal resolution

A

measurement with respect to time

57
Q

finer resolution _____ in size with retinal eccentricity

A

increases

58
Q

retinal eccentricity

A

the difference between the retinal image and the fovea

59
Q

M ganglion cells

A

connect to the magnocellular pathway

60
Q

magnocellular pathway

A

involved in motion processing

61
Q

poor temporal resolution but good spatial resolution

A

P ganglion cells

62
Q

good temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution

A

M ganglion cells

63
Q

spatial resolution

A

pixels

64
Q

receptive field

A

region of the retina in which stimuli influence a neurons firing rate, all the photoreceptors that will activate retinal ganglion cell

65
Q

receptive fields are sensitive to

A

different intensity of light in the center and in the surround

66
Q

light on receptive field

A

strong response

67
Q

light off receptive field

A

weak response

68
Q

center-surround receptive fields because luminance variations tend to be smooth within objects and sharp between objects, emphasize

A

object boundaries

69
Q

retinal ___cells act like a filter for information coming into the brain

A

ganglion

70
Q

center surround receptive fields most sensitive to ___ in the intensity of light

A

differences

71
Q

looking at different from center and surround

A

resolution

72
Q

sums across the center

A

sensitivity

Sensations and Perceptions (16 decks)

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