chapter 10-hearing in the environment Flashcards

1
Q

large portion of processing is done ___ A1

A

before

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2
Q

differences in structure of auditory and visual systems from

A

evolutionary reasons, subcortical vs cortical

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3
Q

primary auditory cortex is mapped

A

tonotopically

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4
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

A1; 1st area within temporal lobes of brain responsible for processing acoustic information; tones, frequencies

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5
Q

belt area

A

adjacent to A1 with inputs where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds, change in frequency over time

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6
Q

parabelt area

A

lateral and adjacent to belt area, complex sounds and integration across senses

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7
Q

what

A

temporal lobe (hearing and vision); identification and interpretation of sound

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8
Q

where

A

subcortical-superior olive; location

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9
Q

monaural pathway in the inferior colliculi may carry info about

A

what the sound is

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10
Q

binaural responses in the superior olive contains special neural circuits that computes ___ a sound originates

A

where

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11
Q

Monaural pathway

A

single ear processing to the superior colliculus, tone based, nature of the sound itself

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12
Q

MGN is like the

A

LGN

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13
Q

binaural reponses

A

location; comparison across 2 different ears; superior olive

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14
Q

how do you locate a sound

A

sound enters ears the same regardless of location; will be closer to one ear than the other

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15
Q

interaural time differences (ITD)

A

the difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other

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16
Q

azimuth

A

the angle of a sound source on the horizon relative to a point in the center of the head between the ears

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17
Q

azimuth is measure in ___, with 0 being ___ and 180 being ___

A

degrees, straight ahead, directly behind

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18
Q

azimuth angle is __ to the right and ___ to the left

A

positive, negative

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19
Q

if sound comes from directly in front of or behind someone LTD’s are ____

A

absent

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20
Q

LTD’s are greatest when

A

coming from one side to the other

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21
Q

size of circles is due to

A

temporal difference in location of sound

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22
Q

time unit of ITD

A

microseconds

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23
Q

threshold of ITD

A

~10-20 microseconds

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24
Q

ITD with what aspect of sound

A

phase

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25
interaural level difference (ILD)
the difference in level (intensity) between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other
26
for frequencies greater than 1000 Hz, the head block some of the energy reaching the ___ ear
opposite
27
ILD is largest where; and nonexistent where
largest at 90 and -90; none at 0 and 180
28
ILD generally correlated with ___ of sound source, but not the same as ITD
angle;due to frequency, irregular shape of the head
29
level
amplitude
30
ILD remains ___ for low frequencies; __ correlation
constant; low
31
high frequency, __ correlation
high
32
low frequency sounds use
ITD for best info
33
high frequency sounds use
both ILD and ITD
34
phase
precise timing
35
superior olive
relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears come together; MSO and LSO; where llocation info is processed
36
medial superior olive
ITDs
37
lateral superior olive
ILDs; excitatory from ipsilateral and inhibitory from contralateral ear; sum across
38
cone of confusion
region of positioins in space where all sounds produce the same ITDs and ILDs; problem of ambiguous info
39
to solve the cone of confusion problem
turn head to disambiguate ILD/ITD similarity
40
HRTF (head related transfer function)
filtering properties of our hed and ear; specific to individual; no physical movement, experience
41
echolocation
using the returned/reflected sound that was produced by the observed in order to determine location and shape of objects in the world; gives 3D info of the world to blind person and they process it in the visual system
42
sound localization uses
auditory distance perception
43
simplest cue for auditory distance perception
relative intensity of sound; sounds are less intense with greater distance
44
inverse-square law
as distance from a source increases, intensity decreases faster such that decrease in intensity is the distance squared; best within 1 meter of head
45
spectral composition of sounds
higher frequencies decrease in energy more than lower frequencies as sound waves travel from source to one ear
46
relative amounts of direct energy vs reverberant energy
reverberant-more auditory copies the further you are away
47
harmonics
complex sounds have more than 1 frequency
48
fundamental frequency
lowest frequency of harmonic spectrum
49
missing fundamental effect
the pitch listeners hear corresponds to the fundamental frequency, even if it is missing
50
lowest level fundamental aspect fill info
in
51
if you have a sound and sum together, the output of summation has a
peak at 4 ms
52
timbre
psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sounds with the same fundamental loudness and pitch are dissimilar
53
in natural situation
acoustic environment is busy and has multiple sound sources
54
source segregation (auditory scene analysis)
processing an auditory scene consisting of multiple sources into separate sound images; gestalt grouping by similarity and proximity
55
source segregation; what
frequency content/timbre; similarity
56
source segregation; where
location of the sound source; proximity
57
grouping by timbre
tones that have increasing and decreasing frequencies will group either by pitch or timbre
58
grouping by onset
when sounds being at the same time, they appear to be coming from the same sound sound
59
how do we know that listeners really hear a sound as continuous
principle of good continuation
60
principle of good continuation
in spite of interruptions, one can still "hear" a sound
61
behavioral evidence for principle of good continuation
can't tell if sound glide is present or not; brain fills in missing info if blocked by noise
62
physiological evidence for principle of good continuation
A1 metabolic activity consistent with perceived sounds, even if absent; single cell recordings in monkey same to real and restored tones
63
restoration of complex sounds
listeners use "higher order" sources of info, not just auditory info to restore missing segment
64
gaps in sound stream are ___ detrimental if filled with noise rather than silence
less
65
with noisy gaps
cant even reliably tell where the gaps were specifically