chapter 11-music and speech perception Flashcards
musical notes
sounds of music extend across a frequency range from about 25 to 4500 Hz (range we’re most sensitive to)
pitch
the psychological aspect of sounds related mainly to the fundamental frequency; the perceptual connection of frequency
octave
the interval between two sound frequencies having a ratio of 2:1; relationship between frequency
example of octave
perceive doubling as higher, but its still the same thing; mathematical relationship
tone height
the sound quality corresponding to the level of pitch, monotonically related to frequency
chords
created when three or more notes with different pitches are played simultaneously
consonant chords
have simple ratios of note frequencies; 2:1, 3:2 (perfect 5th), 4:3
dissonant chords
less elegant ratios of note frequencies; complex ratios, 16:15, 45:32
cultural differences in chords
western: heptatonic
javanese: pentatonic, fewer notes
infants and octaves
can detect inappropriate notes on both scales, culturally learned
melody
arrangement of notes or chords in succession; twinkle twinkle little star
a melody is not a sequence of specific sounds but a ___ between successive notes
relationship
melodies can change ___ or keys and still be the same
octaves
tempo
the perceived speed of the presentation of sounds
rhythm
repeated pattern; humans are natural rhythm detectors
bolton experiments
sequence of identical sounds, perfectly spaced in time, but no rhythm; listeners reported hearing first sound of group as accented, while the rest remain unaccented; humans will put rhythm in naturally
syncopation
deviating from the regular rhythm
complex sounds of music (__ created by changing frequencies over time) are processed where
melodies; belt and parabelt regions
music in the limbic system
amygdala-fear/emotion
hippocampus-memory formation/retrieval
music can trigger
memories and motor patterns
mental movies occur in
medial prefrontal cortex
dance moves occur in
lateral premotor cortex
humans are capable of producing many speech sounds
5000 different languages, over 850 different speech sounds
vocal tract
the airway above the larynx used for the production of speech; flexibility is important in speech production
3 concepts of speech production
respiration, phonation, articulation
respiration
lungs, push air out
phonation
process through which vocal folds are made to vibrate when air pushes out of the lungs; vocal cords, produce the basic aspects
articulation
the act or manner of producing a speech sound using the vocal tract (mouth, tongue)
resonance characteristics of articulation created by
changing size and shape of vocal tracts to affect sound frequency distribution
formants
peaks in speech spectrum; resonance of the vocal tract, specified by their center frequency and denoted by integers that increase with relative frequency peaks in the speech spectrum
formants are labeled by number from lowest to highest
concentrations in energy occur at different frequencies, depending on length of vocal tract
spectrogram
pattern for sound analysis that provides a 3D display plotting time on the horizontal axis, frequency on the vertical axis, and intensity in color or grey scale; speech is messy but brain cleans it up
categorical perception
for speech and other complex sounds and images, the phenomenon by which the discrimination of items is no better than the ability to label items; categorical boundaries
researchers can manipulate sound stimuli to vary from bah to dah to gah
however, people perceive sharp categorical boundaries between them
F1 is always
ascending
F2 is ___ for bah, ___ for dah, and ___ for gah
ascending, descending, descening
F3 is __ for bah, ___ for dah, and ___ for gah
ascending, descending, ascending
F2 and F3 for bah, dah, gah
F2: ascending, descending, descending
F3: ascending, descending, ascending
coarticulation
the phenomenon in speech whereby attributes of successive speech units overlap in articulatory or acoustic patterns; position tongue etc in preparation for next word
spectral contrast
accentuation the difference between the formants now and those that precede them
perception of coarticulated speech is explained by fundamental ways auditory system enhances ___ between successive sounds
contrast
contrast enhancement is a general property of ___ and occurs in many forms
perception; how you perceive the presence of 2 sounds
both ascending corarticulation sounds
bah
both descending coarticulation sounds
dah
mcgurk effect
what someone sees can affect what they hear; cue combination
cue combination
formants have ambiguity, other things influence speech thats produced, reliability matters to discriminate cues
learning to listen comes from
experience; preferences
becoming a native listener
sound distinctions are specific to various languages
r and l are not distinguished in
japan
if not exposed to speech sounds as they grow
babies lose ability to distinguish between them
learn where one word ends and another beings by
exposure
speech: brain damage follows patterns of
blood vessles
what scans help to learn about speech processing
PET and fMRI
what parts of brain are active when listening to peech
left and right superior temporal lobes
as sounds get more complex, what regions of the brain are activated
anterior and ventral regions of superior temporal lobe
speech has a bias for what hemisphere
left
electrical recordings are taken only when
before surgery
neural responses in brain ___ behavioral responses by the subjects
matched
sounds that people labeled as the same had ___ neural response
same
sounds that people labeled as different had ___ neural response
different
