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Sensations and Perceptions > chapter 11-music and speech perception > Flashcards

chapter 11-music and speech perception Flashcards

1
Q

musical notes

A

sounds of music extend across a frequency range from about 25 to 4500 Hz (range we’re most sensitive to)

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2
Q

pitch

A

the psychological aspect of sounds related mainly to the fundamental frequency; the perceptual connection of frequency

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3
Q

octave

A

the interval between two sound frequencies having a ratio of 2:1; relationship between frequency

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4
Q

example of octave

A

perceive doubling as higher, but its still the same thing; mathematical relationship

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5
Q

tone height

A

the sound quality corresponding to the level of pitch, monotonically related to frequency

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6
Q

chords

A

created when three or more notes with different pitches are played simultaneously

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7
Q

consonant chords

A

have simple ratios of note frequencies; 2:1, 3:2 (perfect 5th), 4:3

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8
Q

dissonant chords

A

less elegant ratios of note frequencies; complex ratios, 16:15, 45:32

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9
Q

cultural differences in chords

A

western: heptatonic
javanese: pentatonic, fewer notes

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10
Q

infants and octaves

A

can detect inappropriate notes on both scales, culturally learned

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11
Q

melody

A

arrangement of notes or chords in succession; twinkle twinkle little star

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12
Q

a melody is not a sequence of specific sounds but a ___ between successive notes

A

relationship

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13
Q

melodies can change ___ or keys and still be the same

A

octaves

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14
Q

tempo

A

the perceived speed of the presentation of sounds

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15
Q

rhythm

A

repeated pattern; humans are natural rhythm detectors

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16
Q

bolton experiments

A

sequence of identical sounds, perfectly spaced in time, but no rhythm; listeners reported hearing first sound of group as accented, while the rest remain unaccented; humans will put rhythm in naturally

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17
Q

syncopation

A

deviating from the regular rhythm

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18
Q

complex sounds of music (__ created by changing frequencies over time) are processed where

A

melodies; belt and parabelt regions

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19
Q

music in the limbic system

A

amygdala-fear/emotion

hippocampus-memory formation/retrieval

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20
Q

music can trigger

A

memories and motor patterns

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21
Q

mental movies occur in

A

medial prefrontal cortex

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22
Q

dance moves occur in

A

lateral premotor cortex

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23
Q

humans are capable of producing many speech sounds

A

5000 different languages, over 850 different speech sounds

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24
Q

vocal tract

A

the airway above the larynx used for the production of speech; flexibility is important in speech production

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25
Q

3 concepts of speech production

A

respiration, phonation, articulation

26
Q

respiration

A

lungs, push air out

27
Q

phonation

A

process through which vocal folds are made to vibrate when air pushes out of the lungs; vocal cords, produce the basic aspects

28
Q

articulation

A

the act or manner of producing a speech sound using the vocal tract (mouth, tongue)

29
Q

resonance characteristics of articulation created by

A

changing size and shape of vocal tracts to affect sound frequency distribution

30
Q

formants

A

peaks in speech spectrum; resonance of the vocal tract, specified by their center frequency and denoted by integers that increase with relative frequency peaks in the speech spectrum

31
Q

formants are labeled by number from lowest to highest

A

concentrations in energy occur at different frequencies, depending on length of vocal tract

32
Q

spectrogram

A

pattern for sound analysis that provides a 3D display plotting time on the horizontal axis, frequency on the vertical axis, and intensity in color or grey scale; speech is messy but brain cleans it up

33
Q

categorical perception

A

for speech and other complex sounds and images, the phenomenon by which the discrimination of items is no better than the ability to label items; categorical boundaries

34
Q

researchers can manipulate sound stimuli to vary from bah to dah to gah

A

however, people perceive sharp categorical boundaries between them

35
Q

F1 is always

A

ascending

36
Q

F2 is ___ for bah, ___ for dah, and ___ for gah

A

ascending, descending, descening

37
Q

F3 is __ for bah, ___ for dah, and ___ for gah

A

ascending, descending, ascending

38
Q

F2 and F3 for bah, dah, gah

A

F2: ascending, descending, descending
F3: ascending, descending, ascending

39
Q

coarticulation

A

the phenomenon in speech whereby attributes of successive speech units overlap in articulatory or acoustic patterns; position tongue etc in preparation for next word

40
Q

spectral contrast

A

accentuation the difference between the formants now and those that precede them

41
Q

perception of coarticulated speech is explained by fundamental ways auditory system enhances ___ between successive sounds

A

contrast

42
Q

contrast enhancement is a general property of ___ and occurs in many forms

A

perception; how you perceive the presence of 2 sounds

43
Q

both ascending corarticulation sounds

A

bah

44
Q

both descending coarticulation sounds

A

dah

45
Q

mcgurk effect

A

what someone sees can affect what they hear; cue combination

46
Q

cue combination

A

formants have ambiguity, other things influence speech thats produced, reliability matters to discriminate cues

47
Q

learning to listen comes from

A

experience; preferences

48
Q

becoming a native listener

A

sound distinctions are specific to various languages

49
Q

r and l are not distinguished in

A

japan

50
Q

if not exposed to speech sounds as they grow

A

babies lose ability to distinguish between them

51
Q

learn where one word ends and another beings by

A

exposure

52
Q

speech: brain damage follows patterns of

A

blood vessles

53
Q

what scans help to learn about speech processing

A

PET and fMRI

54
Q

what parts of brain are active when listening to peech

A

left and right superior temporal lobes

55
Q

as sounds get more complex, what regions of the brain are activated

A

anterior and ventral regions of superior temporal lobe

56
Q

speech has a bias for what hemisphere

A

left

57
Q

electrical recordings are taken only when

A

before surgery

58
Q

neural responses in brain ___ behavioral responses by the subjects

A

matched

59
Q

sounds that people labeled as the same had ___ neural response

A

same

60
Q

sounds that people labeled as different had ___ neural response

A

different

Sensations and Perceptions (16 decks)

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