chapter 11-music and speech perception

Question 1

musical notes

Answer 1

sounds of music extend across a frequency range from about 25 to 4500 Hz (range we’re most sensitive to)

Question 2

pitch

Answer 2

the psychological aspect of sounds related mainly to the fundamental frequency; the perceptual connection of frequency

Question 3

octave

Answer 3

the interval between two sound frequencies having a ratio of 2:1; relationship between frequency

Question 4

example of octave

Answer 4

perceive doubling as higher, but its still the same thing; mathematical relationship

Question 5

tone height

Answer 5

the sound quality corresponding to the level of pitch, monotonically related to frequency

Question 6

chords

Answer 6

created when three or more notes with different pitches are played simultaneously

Question 7

consonant chords

Answer 7

have simple ratios of note frequencies; 2:1, 3:2 (perfect 5th), 4:3

Question 8

dissonant chords

Answer 8

less elegant ratios of note frequencies; complex ratios, 16:15, 45:32

Question 9

cultural differences in chords

Answer 9

western: heptatonic
javanese: pentatonic, fewer notes

Question 10

infants and octaves

Answer 10

can detect inappropriate notes on both scales, culturally learned

Question 11

melody

Answer 11

arrangement of notes or chords in succession; twinkle twinkle little star

Question 12

a melody is not a sequence of specific sounds but a ___ between successive notes

Answer 12

relationship

Question 13

melodies can change ___ or keys and still be the same

Answer 13

octaves

Question 14

tempo

Answer 14

the perceived speed of the presentation of sounds

Question 15

rhythm

Answer 15

repeated pattern; humans are natural rhythm detectors

Question 16

bolton experiments

Answer 16

sequence of identical sounds, perfectly spaced in time, but no rhythm; listeners reported hearing first sound of group as accented, while the rest remain unaccented; humans will put rhythm in naturally

Question 17

syncopation

Answer 17

deviating from the regular rhythm

Question 18

complex sounds of music (__ created by changing frequencies over time) are processed where

Answer 18

melodies; belt and parabelt regions

Question 19

music in the limbic system

Answer 19

amygdala-fear/emotion

hippocampus-memory formation/retrieval

Question 20

music can trigger

Answer 20

memories and motor patterns

Question 21

mental movies occur in

Answer 21

medial prefrontal cortex

Question 22

dance moves occur in

Answer 22

lateral premotor cortex

Question 23

humans are capable of producing many speech sounds

Answer 23

5000 different languages, over 850 different speech sounds

Question 24

vocal tract

Answer 24

the airway above the larynx used for the production of speech; flexibility is important in speech production

Question 25

3 concepts of speech production

Answer 25

respiration, phonation, articulation

Question 26

respiration

Answer 26

lungs, push air out

Question 27

phonation

Answer 27

process through which vocal folds are made to vibrate when air pushes out of the lungs; vocal cords, produce the basic aspects

Question 28

articulation

Answer 28

the act or manner of producing a speech sound using the vocal tract (mouth, tongue)

Question 29

resonance characteristics of articulation created by

Answer 29

changing size and shape of vocal tracts to affect sound frequency distribution

Question 30

formants

Answer 30

peaks in speech spectrum; resonance of the vocal tract, specified by their center frequency and denoted by integers that increase with relative frequency peaks in the speech spectrum

Question 31

formants are labeled by number from lowest to highest

Answer 31

concentrations in energy occur at different frequencies, depending on length of vocal tract

Question 32

spectrogram

Answer 32

pattern for sound analysis that provides a 3D display plotting time on the horizontal axis, frequency on the vertical axis, and intensity in color or grey scale; speech is messy but brain cleans it up

Question 33

categorical perception

Answer 33

for speech and other complex sounds and images, the phenomenon by which the discrimination of items is no better than the ability to label items; categorical boundaries

Question 34

researchers can manipulate sound stimuli to vary from bah to dah to gah

Answer 34

however, people perceive sharp categorical boundaries between them

Question 35

F1 is always

Answer 35

ascending

Question 36

F2 is ___ for bah, ___ for dah, and ___ for gah

Answer 36

ascending, descending, descening

Question 37

F3 is __ for bah, ___ for dah, and ___ for gah

Answer 37

ascending, descending, ascending

Question 38

F2 and F3 for bah, dah, gah

Answer 38

F2: ascending, descending, descending F3: ascending, descending, ascending

Question 39

coarticulation

Answer 39

the phenomenon in speech whereby attributes of successive speech units overlap in articulatory or acoustic patterns; position tongue etc in preparation for next word

Question 40

spectral contrast

Answer 40

accentuation the difference between the formants now and those that precede them

Question 41

perception of coarticulated speech is explained by fundamental ways auditory system enhances ___ between successive sounds

Answer 41

contrast

Question 42

contrast enhancement is a general property of ___ and occurs in many forms

Answer 42

perception; how you perceive the presence of 2 sounds

Question 43

both ascending corarticulation sounds

Answer 43

bah

Question 44

both descending coarticulation sounds

Answer 44

dah

Question 45

mcgurk effect

Answer 45

what someone sees can affect what they hear; cue combination

Question 46

cue combination

Answer 46

formants have ambiguity, other things influence speech thats produced, reliability matters to discriminate cues

Question 47

learning to listen comes from

Answer 47

experience; preferences

Question 48

becoming a native listener

Answer 48

sound distinctions are specific to various languages

Question 49

r and l are not distinguished in

Answer 49

japan

Question 50

if not exposed to speech sounds as they grow

Answer 50

babies lose ability to distinguish between them

Question 51

learn where one word ends and another beings by

Answer 51

exposure

Question 52

speech: brain damage follows patterns of

Answer 52

blood vessles

Question 53

what scans help to learn about speech processing

Answer 53

PET and fMRI

Question 54

what parts of brain are active when listening to peech

Answer 54

left and right superior temporal lobes

Question 55

as sounds get more complex, what regions of the brain are activated

Answer 55

anterior and ventral regions of superior temporal lobe

Question 56

speech has a bias for what hemisphere

Answer 56

left

Question 57

electrical recordings are taken only when

Answer 57

before surgery

Question 58

neural responses in brain ___ behavioral responses by the subjects

Answer 58

matched

Question 59

sounds that people labeled as the same had ___ neural response

Answer 59

same

Question 60

sounds that people labeled as different had ___ neural response

Answer 60

different