Chapter 1-introduction

Question 1

sensation

Answer 1

the ability to detect a stimulus and, perhaps, to turn that detection into a private experience, getting info in

Question 2

perception

Answer 2

act of giving meaning to a detected sensation, internal endpoint, manifestation

Question 3

transduction

Answer 3

conversion, neural energy

Question 4

who studies sensations and perceptions

Answer 4

multidisciplinary-psychology, biology, computer science, linguists, etc.

Question 5

study of sensations and perceptions is a _____ pursuit and requires _____ methods

Answer 5

scientific

Question 6

thresholds

Answer 6

finding the limits of what can be perceived, tool

Question 7

scaling

Answer 7

measuring private experience, report of “more” or “less”

are your qualia (private experiences) the same as others

Question 8

signal detection theory

Answer 8

decision making in the presence of noise (neuronoise, external noise)

Question 9

sensory neuroscience

Answer 9

the biology of sensation and perception, sensory receptors and nerves

Question 10

neuroimaging

Answer 10

image of the mind, tool

Question 11

relationship between mind and body using math-who?

Answer 11

Fechner

Question 12

psychophysics

Answer 12

the science of defining quantitative relationships between physical and psychological (subjective) events

Question 13

perceive motion/change with more or less luminance

Answer 13

high

Question 14

psychophysics example

Answer 14

2 point touch threshold

Question 15

just noticeable difference

Answer 15

smallest detecable difference between 2 stimuli, or the minimum change in a stimulus that can be correctly judged as different from a reference stimulus. are they the same or different?

Question 16

another term for JND

Answer 16

difference threshold

Question 17

absolute threshold

Answer 17

minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a person to detect stimulus 50% of the time

Question 18

is the absolute threshold fixed

Answer 18

no, varies slightly based on noise (neural, sensory)

Question 19

who discovered that they smallest change in astimulus that can be detected is a constant proportion of the stimulus level

Answer 19

Ernst Weber

Question 20

Weber’s law

Answer 20

the principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the JND is a constant fraction of the comparison stimulus

Question 21

JND example

Answer 21

lifting weights, 1 stays the same while the other increases. better at detecting a difference when the standard weight is lighter

Question 22

what stimulus values have larger JNDs?

what stimulus values have smaller JNDs?

Answer 22

larger

smaller

Question 23

weber’s law is constant ____ difference

Answer 23

relative; fraction 1:100

Question 24

as the stimulus increases, need to ____ different weights to detect difference

Answer 24

increase

Question 25

method of constant stimuli

Answer 25

many stimuli, ranging from rarely to almost always perceivable, are presented one at a time. controlled by researcher show stimuli equal number of times

Question 26

method of adjustment

Answer 26

participant controls the stimulus directly, increasing or decreasing values until it switches between being perceivable and not perceivable. subjective, spend more time in the middle

Question 27

magnitude estimation

Answer 27

participant assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of the stimuli

Question 28

stevens power law

Answer 28

describes the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation; describes magnitude estimates

Question 29

sevens power law formula

Answer 29

S=aI^b S=scaling strength I=stimulus intensity ^b=exponent, depend on type of stimulus a=personal/subjective scaling, varied from person to person

Question 30

magnitude

Answer 30

present stimuli, rate on scale

Question 31

y=x^b, what happens to JND if b>1 b=1 0

Answer 31

JND shrinks JND is constant absolute difference Webers law-JND is constant relative difference

Question 32

signal detection theory

Answer 32

the brains response to a stimulus is variable; quantifies response of observer to the presentation of a signal in the presence of noise

Question 33

criterion for signal

Answer 33

decisions on the presence or absence of a stimulus or for same or different judgments use criteria; internal threshold set by the observer; changing it changes the hits and false alarms

Question 34

receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve)

Answer 34

graphical plotting of hit rate as a function of false alarm rate

Question 35

doctrine of specific nerve energies

Answer 35

formulated by johannes muller stating that the nature of sensation depends on WHICH sensor fibers are stimulated, not how they are stimulated

Question 36

polysensory areas

Answer 36

information from several senses combined

Question 37

synapse

Answer 37

junction between neurons that permits information transfer

Question 38

neurotransmitter

Answer 38

chemical substance used in neuronal communicatino at synapses

Question 39

EPSP

Answer 39

excitatory postsynaptic potential, causes action potential

Question 40

IPSP

Answer 40

inhibitory postsynaptic potential, inhibits the action potential

Question 41

layout of neuron

Answer 41

``` D -dendrite C -cell B body A -axon Synapse D C B A ```

Question 42

action potential

Answer 42

depolarize axon with Na+ EPSP depolarized, less different from 0 IPSP hyperpolarized, more different from 0

Question 43

electroencephalography (EEG) space resolution time resolution invasive?

Answer 43

technique that, using many electrodes on the scalp, measures electrical activity from populations of many neurons in the brain low high (ms) no

Question 44

event related potential (ERP)

Answer 44

measure of electrical activity from a subpopulation of neurons in response to particular stimulus that requires AVERAGING many EEG recordings

Question 45

computerized tomography (CT) space resolution time resolution invasive?

Answer 45

imaging technology that uses xrays to create images of slices through volumes of material, structural high very low (years) no

Question 46

functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) space resolution time resolution invasive?

Answer 46

variant of MRI that makes it possible to measure localized patterns of activity in the brain. activated neurons provoke increased blood flow, which can be quantivied by measuring changed of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to strong magnetic fields medium medium (sec) no

Question 47

lesion space resolution time resolution invasive?

Answer 47

high/med low (before/after) very

Question 48

single unit space resolution time resolution invasive?

Answer 48

Electrophysiology, what neurons are doing very high very high (ms) yes

Question 49

clinical space resolution time resolution invasive?

Answer 49

med low (before/after) yes

Question 50

sense: sight/vision stimulus info receptor type brain area

Answer 50

light/photons photoreceptor occipital lobe

Question 51

sense: touch/somatosensation stimulus info receptor type brain area

Answer 51

temperature, pressure/vibration thermoreceptor, mechanoreceptor, nociceptor parietal lobe

Question 52

sense: hearing/audition stimulus info receptor type brain area

Answer 52

sound/pressure wave mechanoreceptor temporal lobe

Question 53

sense: taste/gestation stimulus info receptor type brain area

Answer 53

chemicals chemoreceptor insular cortex

Question 54

sense: smell/olfaction stimulus info receptor type brain area

Answer 54

odor molecules chemoreceptor piriform cortex

Question 55

sense: vestibuluar/balance orientation stimulus info receptor type brain area

Answer 55

fluid pressure mechanoreceptor cerebellum, temporal lobe

Question 56

sense: proprioception stimulus info receptor type brain area

Answer 56

muscle and joint stretch/pressure mechanoreceptor cerebellum, parietal lobe