Chapter 9: Physical Disorders and Health Psychology Flashcards
General Adaptation Syndrome? Selye
- alarm
- resistance
- exhaustion
- response to immediate danger
- mobilize various coping mech to respond to stress
- bodies suffer permanent damage or death..if stress lasts too long or is too intense
What is Health Psychology?
- subfield of behavioural
- study psychological factors that are important in the promotion and maintenance of health
- psychological and social factors
Behavioural medicine?
-knowledge derived from behavioural science is applied to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of medical problems
Stress activates the SNS doing what?
-causing mobilization of resources in times of threat or danger by activating internal organs to prepare the body for immediate action FOF.
When stress occurs the endocrine system?
increases in activity….. HPA AXIS
Neuropeptides?
- hormones affecting the NS that are secreted right into the BS
Corticotropin Releasing factor?
secreted via ?
stimulates?
releases?
- secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland
- pituitary gland activates the adrenal gland which secretes cortisol…the stress hormone.
What area of the brain is very responsive to cortisol?
hippocampus ….when stimulated by cortisol during the HPA axis it turns off the stress response…
Increased cortisol can do what?
cause death of nerve cells in the hippocampus
If cortisol is produced chronically it can cause…4
- muscles atrophy, fertility is affected via declining testosterone, hypertension in cardio, immune system impairment.
Benefits of predictability and controllability in relation to stress?
-control of social situations and the ability to cope with any tension helps blunting long term effects of stress.
What three psychological factors are closely related ?
- stress, anxiety and depression
What four things are on a continuum?
depression, anxiety, stress and excitement
Differentiated between what response to threats and challenges on the continuum depend on your?
- sense of control at the moment….coping
Excitement?
-rapid heartbeat, sudden burst of energy or jumpy stomach……well prepared
Stress symptoms?
- too much pressure, tense, irritable or develop a headache or upset stomach.
Anxiety?
- threatening you, you can do little about it…
Depression?
ppl who perceive life as threatening always and lose hope about every having control
What can lower the immune system?
- sense of uncontrollability, depression, poor self care, tendency to engage in risky behaviour
- chronic stress
Antigens?
-foreign materials
Two parts of the Immune system?
- Humoral and cellular
Leukocytes?
- surround antigens and destroy them
Lymphocytes
B cells and T cells
signalled via leukocytes
B cells?
humoral
-releases molecules that seek out antigens and neutralize them…
Memory B cells
- created so the next time the antigen that the B cell neut the immune system will react faster.
T cells?
- cellular
- don’t produce antibodies
- directly destroy viruses and cancerous cells
Memory T cells ?
created to increase speed
Helper T cells?
- enhance immune system response via signalling B cells to produce antibodies and telling Killer t to destroy the antigen.
Suppressor T cells ?
suppress the productions of antibodies
twice as many helper T cells as suppressor T cells
Autoimmune disease?
ex: rheumatoid arthritis
- too many helper T cells and attack normal cells
HIV - Human immunodeficiency virus ?
- too many suppressor T cells…..it attacks helper T cells
Psychoneuroimmunology?
ex: rats drinking sugar water that suppresses the immune system
- study of psychological influence on neurological responding of immune system
- rats that were give sugar water without the drug acting as though they were by learning from those that did
AIDS related complex?
- weight loss, fever, night sweats..minor health probs
Highly Active Antiretroviral therapy
suppresses the virus in those infected..even advanced cases
Cognitive Behavioural Stress management (CBSM)
may have positive effects on the immune system of individuals who are already symptomatic
Psycho-oncology
-psychosocial factors influencing cancer
Mindfulness -based Stress reduction interventions ?
better health habits, closer adherence to medical treatment and improved endocrine functioning and response to stress
Enhanced social adjustment and coping?
-problem solving reduced cancer related distress …..
Cerebral Vascular Accidents ?
- temporary blockages of blood vessels leading to the brain or a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain…
Hypertension?
- high blood pressure…..major risk for heart disease
- increases when blood vessels constrict, forcing more blood to muscles in central parts of the body thus the heart has to work harder.
Essential Hypertension?
- no direct cause
Coronary Heart Disease?
-blockage of arteries supplying blood to heart…
Angia pectoris?
-partial obstruction of the arteries
Atherosclerosis
- fatty subst or plaque builds up inside arteries
Ischemia?
- deficiency of blood to a body party via narrowing of arteries via plaque
Myocardial Infraction?
-death of heart tissue via specific artery becomes completely clogged.
Type A Behavioural pattern?
-excessive competitive drive, a sense of always being pressured for time, impatience, incredible amounts of energy that shows up in accelerated speech and motor activity and angry outbursts.
Type B Behaviour Pattern?
-relaxed, less concerned about deadlines, and seldom feels the pressure or perhaps the excitements of challenges or overriding ambition.
Acute pain?
- follows an injury and disappears once the injury heals or is effectively treated often within a month
chronic pain?
- begin acute but does not decease over time…even after healing of the injury
- muscle, joints, tendons, lower back
Pain catastrophizing ?
rumination
magnification
helplessness
exaggerated negative response brought to bear during actual or anticipated painful experience
- obsessing
- worry
- nothing I can do
Gate control theory?
- dorsal horns of the spinal column = gate
- positive emotions can close this gate
Endogenous?
- opioids naturally in the body
- shut down pain
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ?
- lack of energy, marked fatigue and a variety of aches and pains
Biofeedback ?
-making patients aware of specific physiological function that ordinarily they would not notice show them they can control these….
Relaxation ?2
-progressive muscle relaxation?
L> aware of muscle tension and work to counteract it
- Relaxation response
L> silently repeat mantra to minimize distraction…closing mind to intruding thoughts
Comprehensive Stress Reduction and Pain reduction program 4
- monitor their stress
- note somatic symptoms and thoughts when stressed
- taught deep muscle relaxation
- cognitive therapy to reevaluate appropriate appraisals and attitudes
Drugs and Stress reduction?
- lessens efficacy of comprehensive programa
