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Psychopathology > Chapter 4: Reseach Methods > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Reseach Methods Flashcards

0
Q

External Validity?

A

how well your findings describe similar individuals …

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1
Q

Internal Validity?

A

independent variable is causing the dependent to change

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2
Q

Confound Variable

A

any factor occurring in a study that makes the results uninterpretable because a variable thats not being manipulated is having a high affect on the DV…

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3
Q

Randomization

A

process of assigning ppl to diff research groups in such a way that each person has equal chance of being in any group

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4
Q

Statistical Significance?

A

calc about diff between groups

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5
Q

Clinical Significance

A

whether or not the difference was meaningful for those affected

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6
Q

Effect size?

A

how large the differences are

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7
Q

Social Validity? (wolf)

A

obtaining input from the person being treated as well as from sig others about the changes that have occurred.

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8
Q

Patient Uniformity Myth (kiesler)

A

tendency to see all participants as one homogeneous group

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9
Q

Case Study ?

A

investigating intensively one or more individuals who display the same behavioural and physical patterns.

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10
Q

Correlation?

A

statistical relationship between two variables…..they are related.

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11
Q

Positive Correlation?

A

great strength or quantity in one variable is associated with great strength or quantity in the other variable.

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12
Q

Correlation Coefficient?

A

+1.00
the higher the number the higher the correlation/relationship..positive or negative…
+= positive relationship

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13
Q

Negative correlation?

A

as one increases the other decreases..

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14
Q

Directionality?

A

do not deduce cause and effect in correlations

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15
Q

Clinical Trial?

A

an experiment used to determine the effectiveness and safety of a treatment or treatments.

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16
Q

Epidemiology?

A

incidence distribution and consequences of a particular problem or set..

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17
Q

Incidence?

A

new cases of a disorder in a given frame

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18
Q

Prevalence

A

number of people at any one time…

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19
Q

Frustro Effect

A

people in control group disappointed they are not recieving treatment..

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20
Q

Placebo Effect?

A

change in behaviour as a result of expectations…

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21
Q

Placebo Control Groups

A

inactive medication..

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22
Q

Double-blind

A

researcher and participants a like do not know if they are in control or experimental groups.

23
Q

Comparative Treatment Research?

A

different treatments to two or more comparable groups…with a certain disorder…and assess which did best

24
Q

Process Research?

A

focuses on the mech responsible for behaviour change..

25
Q

Outcome Research?

A

positive and negative or both results of a treatment …..does it work?

26
Q

Treatment Process?

A

finding out how or why your treatment works

27
Q

Treatment Outcome

A

finding out what changes occur after treatment.

28
Q

Single Case Experimental Design

A

study of a person under various conditions…low confounding variables unlike case studies..

29
Q

Repeated Measurements?

A

behaviour is measured several times instead of only once before you change the IV and once after

30
Q

Comp. Of Repeated Measurements(3)

A
  1. level or degree of beh change with different interventions
  2. variability of change over time
  3. rend or direction of change
31
Q

Withdrawal Design?

A

whether the independent variable is responsible for changes in behaviour..

32
Q

Drug Holiday?

A

periods medication is withdrawn so that clinicians can determine whether it is responsible for treatment effects..

33
Q

Multiple Baselines

A

instead of stopping the intervention to see whether it is effective…..start treatment at different times across settings…behaviours…or people…

34
Q

Functional Communication training

A

communicate instead of misbehave

35
Q

Endophenotypes

A

genetic mech that contribute to the underlying problems causing symptoms and diff exp by people with psychological disorders…

36
Q

Genetic research

A

basic genetic epidemiology, adv gm, gene finding and molecular genetics..

37
Q

Family studies

A

examine beh pattern or emotional trait in the context of the family..

38
Q

Proband

A

individual singled out for the trait to be studied..

39
Q

Adoption Studies

A

identify adoptees who have a spec beh pattern and see if first degree relatives have it as well even though raised in different settings

40
Q

Twin Studies

A

do they have the same trait…

41
Q

Genetic Linkage analysis

A

other inherited characteristics are assessed at the same time during family disorder studies..

42
Q

Genetic Markers

A

other characteristics…selected because we know their exact location

43
Q

Association Studies

A

use genetic markers…linkage studies compare markers in a large group with those with the disorder…association studies compare people to people without the disorder…

44
Q

Prospective Studies(behaviour)

A

record changes over time as they occur…….

45
Q

Retrospective Studies

A

ask people to remember what happened in the past

46
Q

Health Promotions

A

involve efforts to blanket entire populations of ppl even those who may not be at risk to prevent later problems…and promote protective behaviour (prevention research)

47
Q

Universal Prevention Strat (behavioural)

A

entire pops and target specific risk factors without focusing on individuals…

48
Q

Selective Prevention(beh)

A

specifically targets whole groups at risk….and designs interventions aimed to help them avoid probs

49
Q

Indicated prevention? (beh)

A

individuals who are =beginning to show sings of problems but not yet have a disorder..

50
Q

Cross sectional Design?

A

cross section of a population across the diff age groups and compare them on some characteristic

51
Q

Cohorts?

A

client in each age group of cross sectional design.

52
Q

Cohort effect

A

confounding of age and exp is a limitation of cross sect design.

53
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

follow one group over time and assess change in its members directly.

54
Q

Exp with boys and aggression… 3. long design

A

Chronic Physical Aggression: persistent aggression over 9 years
High but declining: high in K but gradually is going down
Moderate but declining moderate in K but gradually going down

55
Q

Cross generational effect

A

trying to generalize findings to groups whose exp are very diff from those of the study participants

56
Q

Sequential Design

A

repeated study of diff cohorts over time

Psychopathology (19 decks)

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