Chapter 2: Text notes Flashcards
Cross-fostering?
off spring born to one mum is switched out to another mum for rearing.
Reciporal Gene Environment Model
genetically determined tendency to create the very environmental risk factors that trigger genetic vulnerability.
CNS ?
Spinal cord, Brain
tracts and ganglion
information receiving information from our sense organs and reacts necessarily.
Major NT’s? 4
Dopamine,
serotonin,
norepinephrine,
GABA
Brain??= ____+_____+=
Brain stem and the Brain (ans)
Hindbrain?
medulla, pons and the cerebellum.
Midbrain?
coordinates movement and sensory input and contains a parts of the reticular activating system (RAS) which contributes to processes of arousal and tension such as whether we are a wake.
Forebrain?
limbic system, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex
Limbic System?
parts
function?
hippocampus (sea horse), cingulate gyrus (gridle), septum(partition), and amygdala (almond).
regulates emotion, ability to learn to control our impulses.
basic drives as well…sex aggression hunger and thirst.
Basal Ganglia?
parts?
control motor activity.
caudate nucleus, thalamus, globus palidus, amygdala , putamen
Cerebral Cortex? two hemispheres Right? left? lobes? 4?
resposible for out human qualities…look to the future, plan, create.
Right Hemisphere: perceiving the world around us and creating images.
left hemisphere: verbal and other cognitive processes.
Lobes: temporal, occipital, parietal and frontal.
Temporal lobe?
recognizing various sights and sounds and long term memory storage.
Parietal lobe?
recognizing various sensations of touch
Occipital lobe?
integrating and making sense of various visual inputs.
Frontal Lobe?
thinking and reasoning abilities as well as out memory.
PNS :
1.
2.
ANS
SNS
ANS(involuntary systems):
1
2
- sympathetic nervous system
2. parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system does what?
mobilizing the body during times of stress or danger by activating organs and glands under its control.
fight or flight……
Adrenal Glands
Thyroid glands
pituitary glands
- epinephrine in response to stress
- thyroxine: energy, metabolism, growth
- regulatory hormones variety.
Parasympathetic Nervous System?
normalizes our arousal and facilitates the storage of energy by helping the digestive system.
What are considered classic NT?
Monoamines and amino acids.
Monoamines?3
norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
Amino acids? 2
GABA, glutamate.
Glutamate?
major excitatory NT that turns on different neurons leading to action.
GABA?
major inhibitory NT, inhibits or regulates the transmission of information
Benzodiazepines(minor tranqs-GABA)
make it easier for GABA to bind to specific neurones…..calming us down …reduces our overall arousal.
Serotonin?
influences how we process information! …mood, behaviour and thought processes…regulates them.
SSRIs ? Selective - Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
inhibits the reuptake of serotonin at the synaptic cleft allowing it to remain active longer.
Norepinephrine? 2 receptors
stimulates receptors known as
beta-adrenergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors
Dopamine?
turns on various brain circuits possibly associated with certain behaviours….exploratory, pleasure seeking behaviours.
turns on locomotor system.
Dopamine is implicated in? 3
schizophrenia, depression, ADHD
Learned Helplessness? (behave-cog)-Seligman
when an organism realizes their behaviour has no control or influence over their environment, they give up trying to cope..
Learned optimism ? (beh-cog) Seligman
basically those living in a stressful environment…if acting positive will function… better psychologically and physically. ..positive psychology
Steps to Banduras modelling theory:
4
attention, retention, reproduction and motivation.
Prepared learning?
we have become highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects or situations through evolution because it contributes to the survival of the species. (phobias)
Blind Sight (Weiskrantz)
dissociation between behaviour and consciousness.
Implicit Memory?(graf)
acting on the basis of things that have happened in the past but cannot remember the events.
Explicit memory
good memory for events.
Stroop paradigm? (implicit cognition)
a variety of words each printed in different colours are shown to someone. They are shown quickly and than asked to name the colours in which the words are printed ignoring the meaning of the word.
ex: Red is printed in purple…say purple.
Rational emotive therapy(albert ellis….cog-beh therapy)
focuses directly on the irrational beliefs …at the root of maladaptive feelings.
Self instructional training (meichen)
modifying what clients say to themselves about the consequences of their behaviour.
Attentional Bias? (anxiety )
attention is focused on information related to threat at the expense of other types of info
Emotions?
usually short lived temporary states in response to an external event
Mood?
a persistent period of affect or emotionality.
Affect?
the momentary emotional tone that accompanies what we say or do.
What are the three components of emotion?
behaviour, physiology, and cognition.
Behaviour (emotion)
a way of communication between members of the species.
Physiology (emotion)
a brain function involving the more primitive areas. direct connection of those with the eyes = bypass of higher cognitive processes.
Cognitive aspect (emotion)
changes in the persons environment are appraised in terms of their potential impact on that person. The type of appraisal you make determines the emotion you experience.
Factors influencing health?
social, cultural and interpersonal…
gender, relationships, social stigma.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
identifying life stresses that precipitated the psychological disorder and current interpersonal problems that are either the source of the life stress or intimately connected with it.
Life-span development?
experiences during different periods of development influence or vulnerability to other types of stress or to psych disorders.
The Principle of Equifinality ?
used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider many paths to a given outcome.
