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Psychopathology > Chapter 1: Abnormality in Historical Context (textbook) > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Abnormality in Historical Context (textbook) Flashcards

0
Q

What is a Prototype?

A

a list of various symptoms that are associated with a disorder agreed upon by various experts. This is what one would use to reference when interpreting the symptoms of their client to aid in drawing a conclusion/ diagnosis of what they ultimately have.

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1
Q

What is psychological dysfunction?

A

dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.

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2
Q

Scientist-practitioners?

A

mental health professionals that take a scientific approach to their clinical work

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3
Q

Pathways of a Scientific-practitioner? (3)

A
  1. keep up with the latest scientific developments.
  2. evaluate their own assessments or treatment procedures to see if they work or not.
  3. conducts research that produces new information regarding disorders and their treatment.
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4
Q

Presenting Problem?

A

what the patient comes for help with

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5
Q

Clinical description?

A

the unique combination of behaviours, thoughts, and feelings that make up a disorder.

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6
Q

Prevalence?

A

how many people in the population as a whole have a disorder.

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7
Q

Incidence?

A

statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period of time for a disorder.

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8
Q

Sex ratio?

A

percentage of males and females that have the disorder.

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9
Q

Age of onset?

A

the age at which typically a disorder emerges.

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10
Q

Chronic Course? (schizophrenia ex)

A

they tend to last a long time, sometimes a whole lifetime.

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11
Q

Episodic Course?

A

individuals are likely to recover within a few months only to have a reoccurrence of the disorder later.

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12
Q

Time limited course?

A

the disorder will improve in a relatively short period.

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13
Q

Acute onset?

A

disorders that begin suddenly

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14
Q

Insidious Onset?

A

disorder develops gradually over an extended time.

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15
Q

Prognosis?

A

anticipated course of a disorder.

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16
Q

Etiology?

A

the study of the origins of a disorder, why a disorder begins. Biological, psychological and social dimensions.

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17
Q

Supernatural Tradition for concept behind abnormal behaviour?

A

agents outside of our bodies and environment influence our behaviour, thinking and emotions.
Demons and witches, moon and stars, possession etc.

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18
Q

Hippocratic Galenic Approach? Humoral Theory.

A

Four body fluids, blood(heart), black bile(spleen) , yellow bile(liver) and phlegm (brain). Disease = too much or too little of these.
treated via regulating environment.

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19
Q

John Gray discovered what about syphilis ?

A

that it causes general paresis. psychotic like symptoms.

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20
Q

Insulin Shock therapy ( Sakel)

A

insulin is given to psychotic patients to stimulate hunger.

abandoned…too dangerous

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21
Q

Moral Therapy? (Pinel)

A

treating institutionalized patients as normal as possible, in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction. NO restraint or seclusion techniques.

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22
Q

Mental Hygiene movement. (dix)

A

better standards of care. …increased in number of patients….causing an influx of custodial care.

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23
Q

Anton Mesmer and psychoanalytic theory?

A

performed hypnosis ..which is a state in which suggestible subject sometimes appear to be in a trance. …unconscious state.

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24
Q

Catharsis ?

A

recalling and reliving emotional trauma that has been made unconscious and releasing the tension caused by it.

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25
Q

Psychoanalytic Model three major facets?

A

1) the structure of the mind and the distinct functions of personality often clash with each other.
2) defence mechanisms with which the mind defends itself from these clashes or conflict’s.
3) the stages of early psychosexual stages of development provide the grist for the mill of our inner conflicts.

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26
Q

Structure of the mind??? (3)

A

ID, Superego, Ego

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27
Q

ID?
Energy source?
Process of though?
Principle for operation?

A

source of our primitive desires and drives.(sexual and aggressive energies)
Libido is the positive energy that drives this.
Operates via the pleasure principle, maximizing pleasure and eliminating any tension or conflicts associated.
Primary process: emotional, irrational, illogical,led with fantasies and preoccupied with sex aggression selfishness and envy.

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28
Q

Ego?
principle?
process?

A

ensures we act realistically.
reality principle
secondary process: logic, reason
mediates between the id and superego if unsuccessful conflict aries.

29
Q

Superego?

principle

A

conscience !!
moral principle: bestowed by our parents and culture.
counteracts the behaviour of the iD

30
Q

Intrapsychic conflicts

A

conflicts within our mind

31
Q

Ego marshals defence mechanisms. Which are?

A

unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check so the ego can continue its coordinating function. Sometimes they are maladaptive or adaptive. Depends on usage! Avoidance is BAD.

32
Q

Repression?

A

avoid anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become conscious.

33
Q

Denial?

A

refusal to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety.

34
Q

Fantasy?

A

imagining of events as a means to satisfy unacceptable anxiety producing desires that would other wise not occur.

35
Q

Projection?

A

person attributes own unacceptable impulses, motives or desires to others.

36
Q

Rationalization?

A

creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives.

37
Q

Displacement?

A

Person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute.

38
Q

Reaction Formation

A

person adopts behaviour that is the exact opposite of impulses he or she is afraid to acknowledge.

39
Q

Intellectualization (isolation)

A

represses emotional reactions in favour of overly logical response to a problem.

40
Q

Undoing

A

attempt to make up for unacceptable desires or acts frequently through ritualistic behaviour.

41
Q

Regression

A

person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage at which no one is expected to behave maturely or responsibly.

42
Q

Overcompensation?

A

cover up a personal weakness by focusing on another, more desirable trait.

43
Q

Sublimation (never negative)

A

expresses sexual and aggressive energy in ways that are acceptable to society.

44
Q

What are the psychosexual stages of development?

A

Oral, anal, phalic, latency and genital. Gratifying our basic needs and satisfying our drive for physical pleasure.

45
Q

Oedipus complex and Electra Complex? (phalic stage)

A

Boys- sexual desire of mother
- aggression towards father based on jealousy
Girls- sexual desire of father
-aggression to mother
- penis envy.
getting over these and getting a good relationship with the same sex parent allows the development of the superego.

46
Q

Neuroses?

A

nonpsychotic disorders resulting from underlying unconscious conflicts.

47
Q

Anna Freud????Field of??

A

Ego Psychology.

Abnormal behaviour develops when the ego is deficient in functioning.

48
Q

Object Relations? ( Klein, Kernberg)

introjection?

A

how children incorporate the images, memories, and sometimes values of a person who was very important to them and to whom they were / are emotionally attached.
object= person
introjection= process of incorporation …become part of the ego.

49
Q

Karen Horney did what after separating a bit from freuds beliefs?

A

Feminine Psychology: influence of societal factors

reanalyzed freuds male orientated views of female psychodevelopment.

50
Q

Erik Erikson ?

A

Theory of development across the life span: crises and conflicts that accompany 8 specific psychosocial stages.

51
Q

Free association?

A

patients are instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring.

52
Q

Dream analysis ?

A

contents of dreams, supposedly reflecting the primary process thinking of the id is systematically related to symbolic aspects of unconscious conflict.

53
Q

Transference?

A

patients come to relate to the therapist very much as they did toward important figures in their childhood, particularly their parents.

54
Q

Countertransference ?

A

therapists project some of their own personal issues and feelings often positive onto the patient.

55
Q

Symptom Substitution?

A

if the underlying conflict is not adequately dealt with another set of symptoms will arise.

56
Q

Psychodynamic psychotherapy characteristics :

7

A
  1. focus on the affect and the expression of a persons emotions
  2. an exploration of patients attempts to avoid topics or engage in activities that hinder the progress of therapy.
  3. identification of patterns in patients actions, thoughts, feelings, experiences, and relationships.
  4. emphasis on past experiences.
  5. interpersonal exp
  6. emphasis on a therapeutic relationship
  7. exploration a patients wishes, dreams or fantasies.
    * *focuses more on relieving the suffering associated with disorders.
57
Q

Therapeutic Alliance?

A

relationship of the patient and therapist…

58
Q

Humanistic Theory? (adler and jung)

A

positive side of human nature.
realize our full potential. be all you can be
HIPPIES.

59
Q

Self-actualizing?

A

all of us can reach our highest potential in all areas of functioning if only we have the freedom to grow.

60
Q

Maslow? Hierarchy of needs?

A

basic physical needs-self actualization, love, self esteem..
we cannot progress up it until we have satisfied all lower needs.
**systematic..

61
Q

Person-centred Therapy (Jung)

A

therapist =passive
individual gets the chance to develop during the course of therapy, unfettered by threats to self.
**best approach in HA for psychological disorders)

62
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

complete acceptance of clients feelings and actions . Empathy**

63
Q

Gestalt Therapy ( Perls)

A

positive and creative potentials are the main focus.

helps develop awareness of their desires and to understand how they may be blocking them. Present focused.

64
Q

Classical Conditioning?

A

neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response.

65
Q

Extinction?

A

repeated exposure to CS without the UCS would eventually decrease the CR until it no longer exhibits.

66
Q

Introspection?

A

subjects report inner thoughts and feelings after experiencing certain stimuli.

67
Q

Systematic Desensitization? (Wolpe) also called behaviour therapy.

A

gradual exposure to objects or situations they feared so their fear could be extinguished.
they do something incompatible with fear while in the presence of the object or situation.

68
Q

Operant Conditioning? (skinner)

A

learning in which behaviour changes as function of what follows the behaviour.

69
Q

Law of effect (thorndike)

A

behaviour is either strengthened or weakened depending of the consequences of the behaviour.
aka reinforcement..

70
Q

Shaping?

A

reinforcing successive approximations to a final behaviour or set of behaviours.

Psychopathology (19 decks)

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