Chapter 9 Part One

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Question 2

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 2

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

The processing of information into the memory system

Extracting meaning

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

The retention of encoding information over time

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

The process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 6

Sensory Memory

Answer 6

The immediate brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 7

Short-Term Memory

Answer 7

Activated memory that holds a few items (7 plus or minus 2)briefly before the information is stored and forgotten
Digits of phone number while dialing

Question 8

Long-Term Memory

Answer 8

Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Question 9

Working Memory

Answer 9

New understanding of short-term memory involving conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Question 10

Automatic Processing

Answer 10

Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency and of well learned information such as word meaning

Question 11

Effortfull Processing

Answer 11

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 12

Rehearsal

Answer 12

The conscious repetition of information either to maintain it consciously or to encode it for storage

Question 13

Spacing Effect

Answer 13

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through mass study or practice

Question 14

Serial Position Effect

Answer 14

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list

Question 15

Visual Encoding

Answer 15

The encoding of picture images

Question 16

Acoustic Encoding

Answer 16

The encoding of a sound, especially the sound of words

Question 17

Semantic Encoding

Answer 17

The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

Question 18

Imagery

Answer 18

Mental pictures (powerful with Semantic Encoding)

Question 19

Rosy Retrospection

Answer 19

People recall events more positively than they evaluated them at the time they occurred

Question 20

Mnemonic Devices

Answer 20

Memory aids

Question 21

Method of Loci

Answer 21

A person imagines themselves moving through familiar locations and associates the location with a topic that needs to be remembered

Question 22

Chunking

Answer 22

Organizing items into familiar manageable units automatically

Question 23

Hierarchies

Answer 23

Broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Question 24

Iconic Memory

Answer 24

Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

Picture image lasting no more than a few seconds

Question 25

Echoic Memory

Answer 25

Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli | If attention is elsewhere, sounds can be recalled within 3-4 seconds

Question 26

George Miller

Answer 26

He worked with short term memory | The seven item plus or minus 2 theory

Question 27

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

Answer 27

An increase in a synapse's firing potential after a brief rapid stimulation Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 28

Amnesia

Answer 28

Loss of memory

Question 29

Implicit Memory

Answer 29

Retention independent of conscious recollection

Question 30

Explicit Memory

Answer 30

Memory of facts and experiences that no one can consciously know and declare

Question 31

Hippocampus

Answer 31

A neural center that is located in the limbus system and helps process explicit memories for storage Damage to right = no recall visual designs and location Damage to left = no recall verbal information

Question 32

Cerebellum

Answer 32

Form and store implicit memories created by classical conditioning