Chapter 8 Part Two Flashcards
Positive Reinforcement
Strengthens the behavior it follows
Ex. Give candy to people who volunteer to help
Negative Reinforcement
Strengthens a response by removing an aversive stimulus after that response
Ex. Take away whining by giving candy
Reinforcement
Any behavior that strengthens the behavior it follows
Primary Reinforcers
Innately reinforcing stimuli
One that satisfies a biological need
Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcers
Stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power through their association with primary reinforcers
Ex. Thumbs up- is paired with smiles and nice words
Positive Punishment
Adding something aversive that decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated
Negative Punishment
Withdraw a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood the behavior will be repeated
Punishment
An event that decreases the behavior it follows
Continuous Reinforcement
Operant procedure for reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Learn quickly
Extinction occurs quickly
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
Operant procedure of reinforcing a response occasionally
Learn slowly
More resistant to extinction
Fixed-Ratio Schedules
Reinforcement is presented after each response
Variable-Ratio Schedules
Reinforcement is presented after an unpredictable number of responses
Fixed-Interval Schedules
Response is reinforced after a specific time has elapsed
Variable-Interval Schedules
Responses are reinforced after an unpredictable intervals of time
Latent Learning
Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Cognitive Map
The mental picture of one’s environment
Intrinsic Motivation
The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake rather than for some external reason
Extrinsic Motivation
The desire to perform behavior because of the reward or to avoid punishment
Observational Leaning
Learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others
Modeling
Watching and then imitating a specific behavior
Mirror Neurons
Neural basis for observational learning
Impulses are generated when certain actions are performed of when the performing individual is observed
Albert Bandura
He proposed the “Social Learning Theory”
Learning happens by observation, self efficiency, and modeling
The performing of a task to meet a goal
Prosocial Behavior
Positive, helpful, and constructive behavior which is subject to the same principle of observational learning as undesirable behavior like aggression
Successive Approximation
You reward responses that are ever-closer to the final desired behavior, and you ignore all other responses
