Chapter 8 Part Two

Question 1

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 1

Strengthens the behavior it follows

Ex. Give candy to people who volunteer to help

Question 2

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 2

Strengthens a response by removing an aversive stimulus after that response
Ex. Take away whining by giving candy

Question 3

Reinforcement

Answer 3

Any behavior that strengthens the behavior it follows

Question 4

Primary Reinforcers

Answer 4

Innately reinforcing stimuli

One that satisfies a biological need

Question 5

Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcers

Answer 5

Stimuli that acquire their reinforcing power through their association with primary reinforcers
Ex. Thumbs up- is paired with smiles and nice words

Question 6

Positive Punishment

Answer 6

Adding something aversive that decreases the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Question 7

Negative Punishment

Answer 7

Withdraw a desirable stimulus to decrease the likelihood the behavior will be repeated

Question 8

Punishment

Answer 8

An event that decreases the behavior it follows

Question 9

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 9

Operant procedure for reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Learn quickly
Extinction occurs quickly

Question 10

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

Answer 10

Operant procedure of reinforcing a response occasionally
Learn slowly
More resistant to extinction

Question 11

Fixed-Ratio Schedules

Answer 11

Reinforcement is presented after each response

Question 12

Variable-Ratio Schedules

Answer 12

Reinforcement is presented after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 13

Fixed-Interval Schedules

Answer 13

Response is reinforced after a specific time has elapsed

Question 14

Variable-Interval Schedules

Answer 14

Responses are reinforced after an unpredictable intervals of time

Question 15

Latent Learning

Answer 15

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but only becomes apparent when there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 16

Cognitive Map

Answer 16

The mental picture of one’s environment

Question 17

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 17

The desire to perform a behavior for its own sake rather than for some external reason

Question 18

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 18

The desire to perform behavior because of the reward or to avoid punishment

Question 19

Observational Leaning

Answer 19

Learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others

Question 20

Modeling

Answer 20

Watching and then imitating a specific behavior

Question 21

Mirror Neurons

Answer 21

Neural basis for observational learning

Impulses are generated when certain actions are performed of when the performing individual is observed

Question 22

Albert Bandura

Answer 22

He proposed the “Social Learning Theory”
Learning happens by observation, self efficiency, and modeling
The performing of a task to meet a goal

Question 23

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 23

Positive, helpful, and constructive behavior which is subject to the same principle of observational learning as undesirable behavior like aggression

Question 24

Successive Approximation

Answer 24

You reward responses that are ever-closer to the final desired behavior, and you ignore all other responses