Chapter 10

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 2

Concepts

Answer 2

Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 3

Prototypes

Answer 3

Mental image or best example of a category

Question 4

Algorithm

Answer 4

Step by step procedure that guarantees a solution

Question 5

Heuristic

Answer 5

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; faster, but more error prone

Question 6

Insight

Answer 6

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
All of a sudden the answer comes to you
Provides sense of satisfaction

Question 7

Confirmation Bias

Answer 7

Tendency to search fork formation that confirms one’s preconceptions

Question 8

Fixation

Answer 8

The inability to see a problem from perspective

An impediment to problem solving

Question 9

Mental Set

Answer 9

Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Question 10

Functional Fixedness

Answer 10

The inability to solve a problem, because it is viewed only in terms of usual function(activity)

Question 11

Representative Heuristic

Answer 11

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well the seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
May lead one to ignore other relevant information

Question 12

Availability Heuristic

Answer 12

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instances come readily to mind(maybe due to vividness), we presume such events as common

Question 13

Overconfidence

Answer 13

The tendency to be more confident than correct

To overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements

Question 14

Framing

Answer 14

The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Question 15

Belief Bias

Answer 15

The tendency for one’s pre existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or vice versa

Question 16

Language

Answer 16

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 17

Phoneme

Answer 17

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 18

Morpheme

Answer 18

In a language, the smallest unjt that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word

Question 19

Grammar

Answer 19

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Question 20

Semantics

Answer 20

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language - study of meaning

Question 21

Syntax

Answer 21

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Question 22

Babbling Stage

Answer 22

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds unrelated to household language

Question 23

One-Word Stage

Answer 23

The stage in speech development, from about age 1-2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Question 24

Two-Word Stage

Answer 24

Beginning about age 2, the stage of speech development during which a child speaks mostly two worded statements

Question 25

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 25

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegraph - using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words

Question 26

Noam Chomsky

Answer 26

He had a theory that humans are biologically predisposed to acquire language

Question 27

Linguistic Determination

Answer 27

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think