Chapter 9 - Musculoskeletal System Disorders

Question 1

epimysium

Answer 1

the thick, dense collagenous connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle

Question 2

perimysium

Answer 2

a sheath of connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into bundles or fascicles

Question 3

fascicle

Answer 3

(1) a small or slender bundle (as of pine needles or nerve fibers)
(2) one of the divisions of a book published in parts

Question 4

endomysium

Answer 4

meaning within the muscle, it is a wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual muscle fiber, or muscle cell. It also contains capillaries and nerves

Question 5

wisp (adjective: wispy)

Answer 5

(1) a small handful (as of hay or straw)
(2) a thin strip or fragment
(3) a thread-like streak (e.g. smoke)
(4) something frail, slight, or fleeting

Question 6

anabolic steroids

Answer 6

synthetic hormones similar to testosterone

Question 7

Crohn’s disease

Answer 7

chronic inflammation that typically involves the lower portion of the ileum, often spreads to the colon, and is characterized by diarrhea, cramping, loss of appetite and weight, and the development of abscesses and scarring

Question 8

tetany

Answer 8

a condition of physiological calcium imbalance marked by tonic spasm of muscles and often associated with deficient parathyroid secretion

Question 9

tonic (muscular system)

Answer 9

marked by prolonged muscular contraction

Question 10

proprioception

Answer 10

Proprioception, also referred to as kinaesthesia or kinesthesia, is the sense of self-movement and body position. It is sometimes described as the “sixth sense”. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, mechanosensory neurons located within muscles, tendons, and joints.

Question 11

electromyography (EMG)

Answer 11

A diagnostic test that measures how the muscles and nerves work. Providers insert thin needles through the skin and into the muscles. When you move your muscles, electrodes on the end of the needles measure activity in the muscles. Providers use EMG to diagnose injuries, muscle disease and neuromuscular disorders.

Question 12

complete fracture

Answer 12

when the bone is broken to form two or more separate pieces

Question 13

incomplete fracture

Answer 13

when the bone is only partially broken

Question 14

greenstick fracture

Answer 14

an incomplete fracture, common in the softer bones of children, in which the shaft of the bone is bent, tearing the cortical bone (outer layer of compact bone) on one side but not extending all the way through the bone

Question 15

simple fracture

Answer 15

a single break in the bone in which the bone ends maintain their alignment and position

Question 16

segmental fracture

Answer 16

a bone break in which several large bone fragments separate from the main body of a fractured bone

Question 17

comminuted fracture

Answer 17

a fracture in which there are multiple fracture lines and bone fragments

Question 18

compression fracture

Answer 18

a fracture, common in the vertebrae, occurring when a bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces

Question 19

impacted fracture

Answer 19

a fracture that occurs when one end of the bone is forced or telescoped into the adjacent bone; for example, the neck of the femur is crushed against the pelvis

Question 20

pathologic fracture

Answer 20

a fracture that results from a weakness in the bone structure due to conditions such as a tumor or osteoporosis. The break occurs spontaneously or with very little stress on the bone.

Question 21

stress fracture

Answer 21

also called a fatigue fracture; a fracture that results from repeated excessive stress, commonly in the tibia, femur, or second and third metatarsals.

Question 22

depressed fracture

Answer 22

a fracture that occurs in the skull when the broken section is forced inward on the brain

Question 23

transverse fracture

Answer 23

a fracture across the bone, at a right angle to the long axis

Question 24

linear fracture

Answer 24

a break along the long axis of the bone

Question 25

oblique fracture

Answer 25

a break at an angle to the diaphysis of the bone

Question 26

spiral fracture

Answer 26

a break that angles around the bone, usually due to a twisting injury

Question 27

Colles fracture

Answer 27

a break in the distal radius at the wrist, commonly occurring when a person attempts to break a fall by extending the arm and open hand. Sometimes the ulna is also damaged

Question 28

Pott fracture

Answer 28

a fracture of the lower fibula due to excessive stress on the ankle, such as occurs when stepping down with force. The tibia may be damaged as well

Question 29

long axis of the bone

Answer 29

the long part of the bone (e.g. from the top to the bottom of the femur)

Question 30

five stages of bone healing

Answer 30

(1) hematoma forms at site of fracture (2) granulation tissue forms (3) fibrocartilage callus forms a soft callus (4) fibrocartilage callus hardens into a hard callus (5) body remodels the bone to make it like new, slowly breaking down excess bone

Question 31

hematoma

Answer 31

a collection of blood outside of blood vessels

Question 32

granulation tissue

Answer 32

new connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process. Granulation tissue typically grows from the base of a wound and is able to fill wounds of almost any size.

Question 33

fibrocartilage callus

Answer 33

also called a procallus; a temporary formation of fibroblasts and chondroblasts which forms at the area of a bone fracture as the bone attempts to heal itself. The cells eventually dissipate and become dormant, lying in the resulting extracellular matrix that is the new bone. The callus is the first sign of union visible on x-rays, usually 3 weeks after the fracture

Question 34

callus (bone)

Answer 34

a mass of exudate and connective tissue that forms around a break in a bone and is converted into bone in healing

Question 35

crepitus

Answer 35

a grating sound or sensation produced by friction between bone and cartilage or the fractured parts of a bone

Question 36

diaphoresis

Answer 36

sweating, especially to an unusual degree as a symptom of disease or a side effect of a drug

Question 37

reduction (surgery)

Answer 37

a surgical procedure to repair a fracture or dislocation to the correct alignment

Question 38

open reduction

Answer 38

a surgical reduction where the fracture fragments are exposed surgically by dissecting the tissues.

Question 39

closed reduction

Answer 39

a surgical reduction where the manipulation of the bone fragments is done without surgical exposure of the fragments.

Question 40

dislocation

Answer 40

An injury where a joint is forced out of normal position

Question 41

subluxation

Answer 41

an incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint or organ

Question 42

sprain vs strain

Answer 42

A sprain is a tear in a ligament, and a strain is a tear in a tendon.

Question 43

muscle tear

Answer 43

tears along the muscle itself or at points of attachment. They can occur as a result of a direct trauma or overexertion/overstressing of the muscle. There are three degrees of muscle tears.

Question 44

first degree muscle tear

Answer 44

a muscle tear that usually involves only a small percentage of the muscle. Pain is usually mild and does not result in any appreciable loss in strength or range of motion

Question 45

second degree muscle tear

Answer 45

a larger tear that involves much of the muscle but stops short of being a complete tear. Pain is usually severe and the muscle can be partially contracted with a substantial loss of strength and range of motion

Question 46

third degree muscle tear

Answer 46

a complete tear across the width of the muscle. The muscle will be unable to contract, there will be a great deal of internal bleeding, and surgery may be required for proper healing.

Question 47

repetitive strain injury (RSI)

Answer 47

a general term used to describe the pain felt in muscles, nerves and tendons caused by repetitive movement and overuse

Question 48

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Answer 48

an autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, causing inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body. RA mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once.

Question 49

Cushing syndrome

Answer 49

A disorder that occurs when your body makes too much of the hormone cortisol over a long period of time. Cortisol is sometimes called the “stress hormone” because it helps your body respond to stress. Signs are a fatty hump between the shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks. Treatment options include reducing steroid use, surgery, radiation, and medication.

Question 50

kyphosis

Answer 50

a curvature of the spine measuring 50 degrees or greater on an X-ray, a diagnostic test that uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones and organs onto film. The normal spine can bend from 20 to 45 degrees of curvature in the upper back area.

Question 51

Paget's disease

Answer 51

A disease that disrupts the replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue. Also called: PDB, osteitis deformans

Question 52

scoliosis

Answer 52

a sideways curvature of the spine. Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that most often is diagnosed in adolescents

Question 53

lordosis

Answer 53

an exaggerated inward curve of the spine that typically affects the lower back, a condition called lumbar lordosis

Question 54

Spina bifida

Answer 54

A birth defect in which a developing baby's spinal cord fails to develop properly.

Question 55

neural tube defect

Answer 55

Severe birth defects of the brain and spine. CDC urges all women of reproductive age to get 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid every day, in addition to consuming food with folate from a varied diet, to help prevent neural tube defects (NTDs).

Question 56

anencephaly

Answer 56

a serious birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull

Question 57

encephalopathy

Answer 57

A broad term for any brain disease that alters brain function or structure

Question 58

encephalocele

Answer 58

a sac-like protrusion or projection of the brain and the membranes that cover it through an opening in the skull

Question 59

osteosarcoma

Answer 59

also called osteogenic sarcoma; a primary malignant neoplasm that usually develops in the metaphysis of the femur, tibia, or fibula in children or young adults, particularly males

Question 60

Ewing sarcoma

Answer 60

another malignant neoplasm common in adolescents that occurs in the diaphysis of long bones

Question 61

Scheuermann's disease

Answer 61

a condition in which a child has too much curvature (or kyphosis) in the middle of the back

Question 62

muscular dystrophy (MD)

Answer 62

a group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal muscle. The disorders differ in type of inheritance, area affected, age at onset, and rate of progression

Question 63

Gower maneuver

Answer 63

also called Gower's sign; an abnormal movement in which a child pushes to an erect position by using the hands to climb up the legs; this is seen in the Duchenne variant of muscular dystrophy

Question 64

primary fibromyalgia syndrome

Answer 64

a group of disorders characterized by pain and stiffness affecting muscles, tendons, and surrounding soft tissues (not joints)

Question 65

arthroplasty

Answer 65

the surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint

Question 66

Rheumatoid factor (RF)

Answer 66

an autoantibody produced by the immune system. While normal antibodies attack pathogens like bacteria and viruses, autoantibodies such as RF mistakenly attack the body's healthy cells and tissues.

Question 67

Lyme disease

Answer 67

A tick-borne illness caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Lyme disease causes a rash, often in a bull's-eye pattern, and flu-like symptoms. Joint pain and weakness in the limbs also can occur.

Question 68

septic arthritis

Answer 68

an infection in the joint (synovial) fluid and joint tissues

Question 69

gout

Answer 69

A form of arthritis characterized by severe pain, redness, and tenderness in joints. Pain and inflammation occur when too much uric acid crystallizes and deposits in the joints.

Question 70

uric acid

Answer 70

a waste product found in blood. It's created when the body breaks down chemicals called purines. Most uric acid dissolves in the blood, passes through the kidneys and leaves the body in urine. Food and drinks high in purines also increase the level of uric acid.

Question 71

purines

Answer 71

chemical compounds in food known to cause gout; they are found in all alcohol, and some seafood and meat products

Question 72

hyperuricemia

Answer 72

an elevated uric acid level in the blood

Question 73

tophus

Answer 73

a large, hard nodule consisting of urate crystals that have been precipitated in soft tissue or bone, causing a local inflammatory reaction

Question 74

precipitate (chemistry)

Answer 74

cause (a substance) to be deposited in solid form from a solution

Question 75

urate crystal

Answer 75

A needle-shaped water-soluble crystal of precipitated uric acid

Question 76

Ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 76

an inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of the small bones in your spine (vertebrae) to fuse. This fusing makes the spine less flexible and can result in a hunched-forward posture. If ribs are affected, it can be difficult to breathe deeply

Question 77

rickets

Answer 77

a condition that affects bone development in children. It causes bone pain, poor growth and soft, weak bones that can lead to bone deformities. Adults can experience a similar condition, which is known as osteomalacia or soft bones