Chapter 9 - Musculoskeletal System Disorders Flashcards
epimysium
the thick, dense collagenous connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle
perimysium
a sheath of connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into bundles or fascicles
fascicle
(1) a small or slender bundle (as of pine needles or nerve fibers)
(2) one of the divisions of a book published in parts
endomysium
meaning within the muscle, it is a wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual muscle fiber, or muscle cell. It also contains capillaries and nerves
wisp (adjective: wispy)
(1) a small handful (as of hay or straw)
(2) a thin strip or fragment
(3) a thread-like streak (e.g. smoke)
(4) something frail, slight, or fleeting
anabolic steroids
synthetic hormones similar to testosterone
Crohn’s disease
chronic inflammation that typically involves the lower portion of the ileum, often spreads to the colon, and is characterized by diarrhea, cramping, loss of appetite and weight, and the development of abscesses and scarring
tetany
a condition of physiological calcium imbalance marked by tonic spasm of muscles and often associated with deficient parathyroid secretion
tonic (muscular system)
marked by prolonged muscular contraction
proprioception
Proprioception, also referred to as kinaesthesia or kinesthesia, is the sense of self-movement and body position. It is sometimes described as the “sixth sense”. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, mechanosensory neurons located within muscles, tendons, and joints.
electromyography (EMG)
A diagnostic test that measures how the muscles and nerves work. Providers insert thin needles through the skin and into the muscles. When you move your muscles, electrodes on the end of the needles measure activity in the muscles. Providers use EMG to diagnose injuries, muscle disease and neuromuscular disorders.
complete fracture
when the bone is broken to form two or more separate pieces
incomplete fracture
when the bone is only partially broken
greenstick fracture
an incomplete fracture, common in the softer bones of children, in which the shaft of the bone is bent, tearing the cortical bone (outer layer of compact bone) on one side but not extending all the way through the bone
simple fracture
a single break in the bone in which the bone ends maintain their alignment and position
segmental fracture
a bone break in which several large bone fragments separate from the main body of a fractured bone
comminuted fracture
a fracture in which there are multiple fracture lines and bone fragments
compression fracture
a fracture, common in the vertebrae, occurring when a bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces
impacted fracture
a fracture that occurs when one end of the bone is forced or telescoped into the adjacent bone; for example, the neck of the femur is crushed against the pelvis
pathologic fracture
a fracture that results from a weakness in the bone structure due to conditions such as a tumor or osteoporosis. The break occurs spontaneously or with very little stress on the bone.
stress fracture
also called a fatigue fracture; a fracture that results from repeated excessive stress, commonly in the tibia, femur, or second and third metatarsals.
depressed fracture
a fracture that occurs in the skull when the broken section is forced inward on the brain
transverse fracture
a fracture across the bone, at a right angle to the long axis
linear fracture
a break along the long axis of the bone
oblique fracture
a break at an angle to the diaphysis of the bone
spiral fracture
a break that angles around the bone, usually due to a twisting injury
Colles fracture
a break in the distal radius at the wrist, commonly occurring when a person attempts to break a fall by extending the arm and open hand. Sometimes the ulna is also damaged
Pott fracture
a fracture of the lower fibula due to excessive stress on the ankle, such as occurs when stepping down with force. The tibia may be damaged as well
long axis of the bone
the long part of the bone (e.g. from the top to the bottom of the femur)
five stages of bone healing
(1) hematoma forms at site of fracture
(2) granulation tissue forms
(3) fibrocartilage callus forms a soft callus
(4) fibrocartilage callus hardens into a hard callus
(5) body remodels the bone to make it like new, slowly breaking down excess bone
hematoma
a collection of blood outside of blood vessels
granulation tissue
new connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process. Granulation tissue typically grows from the base of a wound and is able to fill wounds of almost any size.
fibrocartilage callus
also called a procallus; a temporary formation of fibroblasts and chondroblasts which forms at the area of a bone fracture as the bone attempts to heal itself. The cells eventually dissipate and become dormant, lying in the resulting extracellular matrix that is the new bone. The callus is the first sign of union visible on x-rays, usually 3 weeks after the fracture
callus (bone)
a mass of exudate and connective tissue that forms around a break in a bone and is converted into bone in healing
crepitus
a grating sound or sensation produced by friction between bone and cartilage or the fractured parts of a bone
diaphoresis
sweating, especially to an unusual degree as a symptom of disease or a side effect of a drug
reduction (surgery)
a surgical procedure to repair a fracture or dislocation to the correct alignment
open reduction
a surgical reduction where the fracture fragments are exposed surgically by dissecting the tissues.
closed reduction
a surgical reduction where the manipulation of the bone fragments is done without surgical exposure of the fragments.
dislocation
An injury where a joint is forced out of normal position
subluxation
an incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint or organ
sprain vs strain
A sprain is a tear in a ligament, and a strain is a tear in a tendon.
muscle tear
tears along the muscle itself or at points of attachment. They can occur as a result of a direct trauma or overexertion/overstressing of the muscle. There are three degrees of muscle tears.
first degree muscle tear
a muscle tear that usually involves only a small percentage of the muscle. Pain is usually mild and does not result in any appreciable loss in strength or range of motion
second degree muscle tear
a larger tear that involves much of the muscle but stops short of being a complete tear. Pain is usually severe and the muscle can be partially contracted with a substantial loss of strength and range of motion
third degree muscle tear
a complete tear across the width of the muscle. The muscle will be unable to contract, there will be a great deal of internal bleeding, and surgery may be required for proper healing.
repetitive strain injury (RSI)
a general term used to describe the pain felt in muscles, nerves and tendons caused by repetitive movement and overuse
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
an autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, causing inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body. RA mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once.
Cushing syndrome
A disorder that occurs when your body makes too much of the hormone cortisol over a long period of time. Cortisol is sometimes called the “stress hormone” because it helps your body respond to stress. Signs are a fatty hump between the shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks.
Treatment options include reducing steroid use, surgery, radiation, and medication.
kyphosis
a curvature of the spine measuring 50 degrees or greater on an X-ray, a diagnostic test that uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones and organs onto film. The normal spine can bend from 20 to 45 degrees of curvature in the upper back area.
Paget’s disease
A disease that disrupts the replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue.
Also called: PDB, osteitis deformans
scoliosis
a sideways curvature of the spine. Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that most often is diagnosed in adolescents
lordosis
an exaggerated inward curve of the spine that typically affects the lower back, a condition called lumbar lordosis
Spina bifida
A birth defect in which a developing baby’s spinal cord fails to develop properly.
neural tube defect
Severe birth defects of the brain and spine. CDC urges all women of reproductive age to get 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid every day, in addition to consuming food with folate from a varied diet, to help prevent neural tube defects (NTDs).
anencephaly
a serious birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull
encephalopathy
A broad term for any brain disease that alters brain function or structure
encephalocele
a sac-like protrusion or projection of the brain and the membranes that cover it through an opening in the skull
osteosarcoma
also called osteogenic sarcoma; a primary malignant neoplasm that usually develops in the metaphysis of the femur, tibia, or fibula in children or young adults, particularly males
Ewing sarcoma
another malignant neoplasm common in adolescents that occurs in the diaphysis of long bones
Scheuermann’s disease
a condition in which a child has too much curvature (or kyphosis) in the middle of the back
muscular dystrophy (MD)
a group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal muscle. The disorders differ in type of inheritance, area affected, age at onset, and rate of progression
Gower maneuver
also called Gower’s sign; an abnormal movement in which a child pushes to an erect position by using the hands to climb up the legs; this is seen in the Duchenne variant of muscular dystrophy
primary fibromyalgia syndrome
a group of disorders characterized by pain and stiffness affecting muscles, tendons, and surrounding soft tissues (not joints)
arthroplasty
the surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
an autoantibody produced by the immune system. While normal antibodies attack pathogens like bacteria and viruses, autoantibodies such as RF mistakenly attack the body’s healthy cells and tissues.
Lyme disease
A tick-borne illness caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Lyme disease causes a rash, often in a bull’s-eye pattern, and flu-like symptoms. Joint pain and weakness in the limbs also can occur.
septic arthritis
an infection in the joint (synovial) fluid and joint tissues
gout
A form of arthritis characterized by severe pain, redness, and tenderness in joints. Pain and inflammation occur when too much uric acid crystallizes and deposits in the joints.
uric acid
a waste product found in blood. It’s created when the body breaks down chemicals called purines. Most uric acid dissolves in the blood, passes through the kidneys and leaves the body in urine. Food and drinks high in purines also increase the level of uric acid.
purines
chemical compounds in food known to cause gout; they are found in all alcohol, and some seafood and meat products
hyperuricemia
an elevated uric acid level in the blood
tophus
a large, hard nodule consisting of urate crystals that have been precipitated in soft tissue or bone, causing a local inflammatory reaction
precipitate (chemistry)
cause (a substance) to be deposited in solid form from a solution
urate crystal
A needle-shaped water-soluble crystal of precipitated uric acid
Ankylosing spondylitis
an inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of the small bones in your spine (vertebrae) to fuse. This fusing makes the spine less flexible and can result in a hunched-forward posture. If ribs are affected, it can be difficult to breathe deeply
rickets
a condition that affects bone development in children. It causes bone pain, poor growth and soft, weak bones that can lead to bone deformities. Adults can experience a similar condition, which is known as osteomalacia or soft bones
