Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology > Chapter 9 - Musculoskeletal System Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Musculoskeletal System Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

epimysium

A

the thick, dense collagenous connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

perimysium

A

a sheath of connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into bundles or fascicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

fascicle

A

(1) a small or slender bundle (as of pine needles or nerve fibers)
(2) one of the divisions of a book published in parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

endomysium

A

meaning within the muscle, it is a wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual muscle fiber, or muscle cell. It also contains capillaries and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

wisp (adjective: wispy)

A

(1) a small handful (as of hay or straw)
(2) a thin strip or fragment
(3) a thread-like streak (e.g. smoke)
(4) something frail, slight, or fleeting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

anabolic steroids

A

synthetic hormones similar to testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

chronic inflammation that typically involves the lower portion of the ileum, often spreads to the colon, and is characterized by diarrhea, cramping, loss of appetite and weight, and the development of abscesses and scarring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

tetany

A

a condition of physiological calcium imbalance marked by tonic spasm of muscles and often associated with deficient parathyroid secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tonic (muscular system)

A

marked by prolonged muscular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

proprioception

A

Proprioception, also referred to as kinaesthesia or kinesthesia, is the sense of self-movement and body position. It is sometimes described as the “sixth sense”. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, mechanosensory neurons located within muscles, tendons, and joints.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

A diagnostic test that measures how the muscles and nerves work. Providers insert thin needles through the skin and into the muscles. When you move your muscles, electrodes on the end of the needles measure activity in the muscles. Providers use EMG to diagnose injuries, muscle disease and neuromuscular disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

complete fracture

A

when the bone is broken to form two or more separate pieces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

incomplete fracture

A

when the bone is only partially broken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

greenstick fracture

A

an incomplete fracture, common in the softer bones of children, in which the shaft of the bone is bent, tearing the cortical bone (outer layer of compact bone) on one side but not extending all the way through the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

simple fracture

A

a single break in the bone in which the bone ends maintain their alignment and position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

segmental fracture

A

a bone break in which several large bone fragments separate from the main body of a fractured bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

comminuted fracture

A

a fracture in which there are multiple fracture lines and bone fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

compression fracture

A

a fracture, common in the vertebrae, occurring when a bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

impacted fracture

A

a fracture that occurs when one end of the bone is forced or telescoped into the adjacent bone; for example, the neck of the femur is crushed against the pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pathologic fracture

A

a fracture that results from a weakness in the bone structure due to conditions such as a tumor or osteoporosis. The break occurs spontaneously or with very little stress on the bone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

stress fracture

A

also called a fatigue fracture; a fracture that results from repeated excessive stress, commonly in the tibia, femur, or second and third metatarsals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

depressed fracture

A

a fracture that occurs in the skull when the broken section is forced inward on the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

transverse fracture

A

a fracture across the bone, at a right angle to the long axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

linear fracture

A

a break along the long axis of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

oblique fracture

A

a break at an angle to the diaphysis of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

spiral fracture

A

a break that angles around the bone, usually due to a twisting injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Colles fracture

A

a break in the distal radius at the wrist, commonly occurring when a person attempts to break a fall by extending the arm and open hand. Sometimes the ulna is also damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pott fracture

A

a fracture of the lower fibula due to excessive stress on the ankle, such as occurs when stepping down with force. The tibia may be damaged as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

long axis of the bone

A

the long part of the bone (e.g. from the top to the bottom of the femur)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

five stages of bone healing

A

(1) hematoma forms at site of fracture
(2) granulation tissue forms
(3) fibrocartilage callus forms a soft callus
(4) fibrocartilage callus hardens into a hard callus
(5) body remodels the bone to make it like new, slowly breaking down excess bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

hematoma

A

a collection of blood outside of blood vessels

32
Q

granulation tissue

A

new connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process. Granulation tissue typically grows from the base of a wound and is able to fill wounds of almost any size.

33
Q

fibrocartilage callus

A

also called a procallus; a temporary formation of fibroblasts and chondroblasts which forms at the area of a bone fracture as the bone attempts to heal itself. The cells eventually dissipate and become dormant, lying in the resulting extracellular matrix that is the new bone. The callus is the first sign of union visible on x-rays, usually 3 weeks after the fracture

34
Q

callus (bone)

A

a mass of exudate and connective tissue that forms around a break in a bone and is converted into bone in healing

35
Q

crepitus

A

a grating sound or sensation produced by friction between bone and cartilage or the fractured parts of a bone

36
Q

diaphoresis

A

sweating, especially to an unusual degree as a symptom of disease or a side effect of a drug

37
Q

reduction (surgery)

A

a surgical procedure to repair a fracture or dislocation to the correct alignment

38
Q

open reduction

A

a surgical reduction where the fracture fragments are exposed surgically by dissecting the tissues.

39
Q

closed reduction

A

a surgical reduction where the manipulation of the bone fragments is done without surgical exposure of the fragments.

40
Q

dislocation

A

An injury where a joint is forced out of normal position

41
Q

subluxation

A

an incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint or organ

42
Q

sprain vs strain

A

A sprain is a tear in a ligament, and a strain is a tear in a tendon.

43
Q

muscle tear

A

tears along the muscle itself or at points of attachment. They can occur as a result of a direct trauma or overexertion/overstressing of the muscle. There are three degrees of muscle tears.

44
Q

first degree muscle tear

A

a muscle tear that usually involves only a small percentage of the muscle. Pain is usually mild and does not result in any appreciable loss in strength or range of motion

45
Q

second degree muscle tear

A

a larger tear that involves much of the muscle but stops short of being a complete tear. Pain is usually severe and the muscle can be partially contracted with a substantial loss of strength and range of motion

46
Q

third degree muscle tear

A

a complete tear across the width of the muscle. The muscle will be unable to contract, there will be a great deal of internal bleeding, and surgery may be required for proper healing.

47
Q

repetitive strain injury (RSI)

A

a general term used to describe the pain felt in muscles, nerves and tendons caused by repetitive movement and overuse

48
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

an autoimmune and inflammatory disease, which means that your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake, causing inflammation (painful swelling) in the affected parts of the body. RA mainly attacks the joints, usually many joints at once.

49
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

A disorder that occurs when your body makes too much of the hormone cortisol over a long period of time. Cortisol is sometimes called the “stress hormone” because it helps your body respond to stress. Signs are a fatty hump between the shoulders, a rounded face, and pink or purple stretch marks.
Treatment options include reducing steroid use, surgery, radiation, and medication.

50
Q

kyphosis

A

a curvature of the spine measuring 50 degrees or greater on an X-ray, a diagnostic test that uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones and organs onto film. The normal spine can bend from 20 to 45 degrees of curvature in the upper back area.

51
Q

Paget’s disease

A

A disease that disrupts the replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue.

Also called: PDB, osteitis deformans

52
Q

scoliosis

A

a sideways curvature of the spine. Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that most often is diagnosed in adolescents

53
Q

lordosis

A

an exaggerated inward curve of the spine that typically affects the lower back, a condition called lumbar lordosis

54
Q

Spina bifida

A

A birth defect in which a developing baby’s spinal cord fails to develop properly.

55
Q

neural tube defect

A

Severe birth defects of the brain and spine. CDC urges all women of reproductive age to get 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid every day, in addition to consuming food with folate from a varied diet, to help prevent neural tube defects (NTDs).

56
Q

anencephaly

A

a serious birth defect in which a baby is born without parts of the brain and skull

57
Q

encephalopathy

A

A broad term for any brain disease that alters brain function or structure

58
Q

encephalocele

A

a sac-like protrusion or projection of the brain and the membranes that cover it through an opening in the skull

59
Q

osteosarcoma

A

also called osteogenic sarcoma; a primary malignant neoplasm that usually develops in the metaphysis of the femur, tibia, or fibula in children or young adults, particularly males

60
Q

Ewing sarcoma

A

another malignant neoplasm common in adolescents that occurs in the diaphysis of long bones

61
Q

Scheuermann’s disease

A

a condition in which a child has too much curvature (or kyphosis) in the middle of the back

62
Q

muscular dystrophy (MD)

A

a group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of skeletal muscle. The disorders differ in type of inheritance, area affected, age at onset, and rate of progression

63
Q

Gower maneuver

A

also called Gower’s sign; an abnormal movement in which a child pushes to an erect position by using the hands to climb up the legs; this is seen in the Duchenne variant of muscular dystrophy

64
Q

primary fibromyalgia syndrome

A

a group of disorders characterized by pain and stiffness affecting muscles, tendons, and surrounding soft tissues (not joints)

65
Q

arthroplasty

A

the surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint

66
Q

Rheumatoid factor (RF)

A

an autoantibody produced by the immune system. While normal antibodies attack pathogens like bacteria and viruses, autoantibodies such as RF mistakenly attack the body’s healthy cells and tissues.

67
Q

Lyme disease

A

A tick-borne illness caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Lyme disease causes a rash, often in a bull’s-eye pattern, and flu-like symptoms. Joint pain and weakness in the limbs also can occur.

68
Q

septic arthritis

A

an infection in the joint (synovial) fluid and joint tissues

69
Q

gout

A

A form of arthritis characterized by severe pain, redness, and tenderness in joints. Pain and inflammation occur when too much uric acid crystallizes and deposits in the joints.

70
Q

uric acid

A

a waste product found in blood. It’s created when the body breaks down chemicals called purines. Most uric acid dissolves in the blood, passes through the kidneys and leaves the body in urine. Food and drinks high in purines also increase the level of uric acid.

71
Q

purines

A

chemical compounds in food known to cause gout; they are found in all alcohol, and some seafood and meat products

72
Q

hyperuricemia

A

an elevated uric acid level in the blood

73
Q

tophus

A

a large, hard nodule consisting of urate crystals that have been precipitated in soft tissue or bone, causing a local inflammatory reaction

74
Q

precipitate (chemistry)

A

cause (a substance) to be deposited in solid form from a solution

75
Q

urate crystal

A

A needle-shaped water-soluble crystal of precipitated uric acid

76
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

an inflammatory disease that, over time, can cause some of the small bones in your spine (vertebrae) to fuse. This fusing makes the spine less flexible and can result in a hunched-forward posture. If ribs are affected, it can be difficult to breathe deeply

77
Q

rickets

A

a condition that affects bone development in children. It causes bone pain, poor growth and soft, weak bones that can lead to bone deformities. Adults can experience a similar condition, which is known as osteomalacia or soft bones

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions