Chapter 15 - Disorders of the Eyes, Ears, and Other Sensory Organs

Question 1

exteroceptors

Answer 1

a receptor responding to stimuli originating outside the body

Question 2

exteroceptive

Answer 2

relating to, being, or activated by stimuli received by an organism from outside

Question 3

ototoxic

Answer 3

producing, involving, or being adverse effects on organs or nerves involved in hearing or balance

Question 4

refraction

Answer 4

1. deflection from a straight path undergone by a light ray or energy wave in passing obliquely from one medium (such as air) into another (such as glass) in which its velocity is different
2. the change in the apparent position of a celestial body due to bending of the light rays emanating from it as they pass through the atmosphere
   also: the correction to be applied to the apparent position of a body because of this bending
3. the action of distorting an image by viewing through a medium

Question 5

oblique

Answer 5

1. neither perpendicular nor parallel: INCLINED
   2: not straightforward: INDIRECT
2. DEVIOUS, UNDERHANDED
3. any of the thin flat muscles forming the middle and outer layers of the lateral walls of the abdomen
4. an aerial photograph taken with the axis of the camera held at an angle between the horizontal plane of the ground and the vertical plane perpendicular to the ground.
   A low oblique image shows only the surface of the earth; a high oblique image includes the horizon.
5. at a 45 degree angle

Question 6

devious

Answer 6

1. WANDERING, ROUNDABOUT
2. moving without a fixed course: ERRANT
3. OUT-OF-THE-WAY, REMOTE
4. deviating from a right, accepted, or common course
5. not straightforward: CUNNING, DECEPTIVE

Question 7

errant

Answer 7

1. behaving wrongly
2. straying outside the proper path or bounds
3. moving about aimlessly or irregularly
4. fallible
5. traveling or given to traveling

Question 8

tinnitus

Answer 8

Ringing or buzzing noise in one or both ears that may be constant or come and go, often associated with hearing loss.

Question 9

roundabout

Answer 9

1. a circuitous route: DETOUR

2. a short close-fitting jacket worn by men and boys especially in the 19th century (shown in picture)

Question 10

circuitous

Answer 10

having a circular or winding course
not being forthright or direct in language or action

winding in the above sense means a curving line or path

Question 11

sinuous

Answer 11

1. of a serpentine or wavy form
2. marked by strong lithe movements
3. INTRICATE, COMPLEX

Question 12

lithe

Answer 12

1. easily bent or flexed
2. characterized by easy flexibility and grace
3. athletically slim

Question 13

diastolic heart failure

Answer 13

Diastolic heart failure, technically referred to as “heart failure with preserved ejection fraction” (HFpEF), is a condition where the lower left chamber of the heart (left ventricle) is not able to fill properly with blood during the diastolic phase, reducing the amount of blood pumped out to the body. The diastolic phase is when the heart relaxes and fills with blood.

Diastolic heart failure occurs if the left ventricle muscle becomes stiff or thickened. The heart must increase pressure inside the ventricle to fill it. Over time, this causes blood to build up inside the left atrium, and then in the lungs, leading to fluid congestion and symptoms of heart failure.

Question 14

trachoma

Answer 14

A bacterial infection (Chlamydia trachomatis) that affects the eyes.

Trachoma is the leading preventable cause of blindness worldwide. It’s very contagious.

Trachoma almost always affects both eyes. Symptoms begin with mild itching and irritation of the eyes and eyelids. They may progress to blurred vision and eye pain.

Antibiotics treat early-stage trachoma. Surgery is needed in later stages. Access to clean water and adequate sanitation are keys to prevention.

Question 15

visceroreceptors

Answer 15

also called visceroceptors
A group of receptors that includes those located in visceral organs. Their stimulation gives rise to poorly localized and ill-defined sensations or to pain. In hollow visceral organs, they are stimulated principally by excessive contraction or by distention.

Question 16

interoception

Answer 16

our perception of what is going on inside our bodies; it is responsible for feelings of hunger, thirst, sickness, pain, having to go to the bathroom, tiredness, temperature, itch, and other internal sensations

Question 17

exteroceptors

Answer 17

receptors that respond to stimuli from outside the body - vision, sound, touch, smell, temperature, pain etc.

Question 18

nociception

Answer 18

The perception of a painful or injurious stimulus—called also nociperception.
A sensory receptor involved in nociception is called a nociceptor.

Question 19

osmoreceptors

Answer 19

Specialized receptors concentrated in the hypothalamus that recognize changes in the osmotic pressure of body fluids.

Question 20

Answer 20

A Snellen chart is an eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity. Snellen charts are named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen, who developed the chart in 1862. Many ophthalmologists and vision scientists now use an improved chart known as the LogMAR chart.

Question 21

Answer 21

A logMAR chart (Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution) is a chart consisting of rows of letters that is used by ophthalmologists, orthoptists, optometrists, and vision scientists to estimate visual acuity. The chart was developed at the National Vision Research Institute of Australia in 1976, and is designed to enable a more accurate estimate of acuity than do other charts (e.g., the Snellen chart).

Question 22

logarithm

Answer 22

the exponent that indicates the power to which a base number is raised to produce a given number
(example: the logarithm of 100 to the base 10 is 2)
In mathematics, the common logarithm is the logarithm with base 10, although it can be any base.

Question 23

base (number in mathematics)

Answer 23

a number (such as 5 in 5^6.44 or 5^7) that is raised to a power

especially: the number that when raised to a power equal to the logarithm of a number yields the number itself
The logarithm of 100 to the base 10 is 2 since 10^2 = 100.

Question 24

tonometer, tonometry

Answer 24

tonometer

1. an instrument or device for determining the exact pitch or the vibration rate of tones
2. an instrument for measuring tension or pressure and especially intraocular pressure

tonometry is the test that uses the device itself

Question 25

intraocular pressure (IOP)

Answer 25

the fluid pressure inside the eye

Question 26

gonioscopy

Answer 26

An eye examination to look at the front part of your eye (anterior chamber) between the cornea and the iris. Gonioscopy is a painless examination to see whether the area where fluid drains out of your eye (called the drainage angle) is open or closed.

Question 27

goniolens

Answer 27

also known as a gonioscope
an instrument consisting of a contact lens to be fitted over the cornea and an optical system with which the interior of the eye can be viewed

Question 28

strabismus

Answer 28

Strabismus (crossed eyes) is a condition in which the eyes do not line up with one another. In other words, one eye is turned in a direction that is different from the other eye.

Under normal conditions, the six muscles that control eye movement work together and point both eyes at the same direction. Patients with strabismus have problems with the control of eye movement and cannot keep normal ocular alignment (eye position).

Strabismus can be categorized by the direction of the turned or misaligned eye:

Inward turning (esotropia)
Outward turning (exotropia)
Upward turning (hypertropia)
Downward turning (hypotropia)

Question 29

nystagmus

Answer 29

An involuntary eye movement which may cause the eye to rapidly move from side to side, up and down, or in a circle, and may slightly blur vision.

It occurs with a variety of conditions.

Question 30

otosclerosis

Answer 30

a condition in which there’s abnormal bone growth inside the ear; it is a common cause of hearing loss in young adults

Question 31

Meniere’s disease

Answer 31

also called Meniere’s syndrome
Meniere’s disease is a rare disorder that affects the inner ear. It can cause vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of pressure deep inside the ear.
The cause of Meniere’s disease is unclear but likely involves both genetic and environmental factors.

Question 32

vertigo

Answer 32

A symptom, rather than a condition itself. It’s the sensation that you, or the environment around you, is moving or spinning.

Question 33

whirl

Answer 33

1. to move in a circle or similar curve especially with force or speed
2. to pass, move, or go quickly
3. to become giddy or dizzy
4. a busy or fast-paced succession of events

Question 34

giddy

Answer 34

1. dizzy
2. whirling rapidly
3. lightheartedly silly: FRIVOLOUS
4. joyfully elated: EUPHORIC