Chapter 15 - Disorders of the Eyes, Ears, and Other Sensory Organs Flashcards
(34 cards)
exteroceptors
a receptor responding to stimuli originating outside the body
exteroceptive
relating to, being, or activated by stimuli received by an organism from outside
ototoxic
producing, involving, or being adverse effects on organs or nerves involved in hearing or balance
refraction
- deflection from a straight path undergone by a light ray or energy wave in passing obliquely from one medium (such as air) into another (such as glass) in which its velocity is different
- the change in the apparent position of a celestial body due to bending of the light rays emanating from it as they pass through the atmosphere
also: the correction to be applied to the apparent position of a body because of this bending - the action of distorting an image by viewing through a medium
oblique
- neither perpendicular nor parallel: INCLINED
2: not straightforward: INDIRECT - DEVIOUS, UNDERHANDED
- any of the thin flat muscles forming the middle and outer layers of the lateral walls of the abdomen
- an aerial photograph taken with the axis of the camera held at an angle between the horizontal plane of the ground and the vertical plane perpendicular to the ground.
A low oblique image shows only the surface of the earth; a high oblique image includes the horizon. - at a 45 degree angle
devious
- WANDERING, ROUNDABOUT
- moving without a fixed course: ERRANT
- OUT-OF-THE-WAY, REMOTE
- deviating from a right, accepted, or common course
- not straightforward: CUNNING, DECEPTIVE
errant
- behaving wrongly
- straying outside the proper path or bounds
- moving about aimlessly or irregularly
- fallible
- traveling or given to traveling
tinnitus
Ringing or buzzing noise in one or both ears that may be constant or come and go, often associated with hearing loss.
roundabout
- a circuitous route: DETOUR
2. a short close-fitting jacket worn by men and boys especially in the 19th century (shown in picture)
circuitous
having a circular or winding course
not being forthright or direct in language or action
winding in the above sense means a curving line or path
sinuous
- of a serpentine or wavy form
- marked by strong lithe movements
- INTRICATE, COMPLEX
lithe
- easily bent or flexed
- characterized by easy flexibility and grace
- athletically slim
diastolic heart failure
Diastolic heart failure, technically referred to as “heart failure with preserved ejection fraction” (HFpEF), is a condition where the lower left chamber of the heart (left ventricle) is not able to fill properly with blood during the diastolic phase, reducing the amount of blood pumped out to the body. The diastolic phase is when the heart relaxes and fills with blood.
Diastolic heart failure occurs if the left ventricle muscle becomes stiff or thickened. The heart must increase pressure inside the ventricle to fill it. Over time, this causes blood to build up inside the left atrium, and then in the lungs, leading to fluid congestion and symptoms of heart failure.
trachoma
A bacterial infection (Chlamydia trachomatis) that affects the eyes.
Trachoma is the leading preventable cause of blindness worldwide. It’s very contagious.
Trachoma almost always affects both eyes. Symptoms begin with mild itching and irritation of the eyes and eyelids. They may progress to blurred vision and eye pain.
Antibiotics treat early-stage trachoma. Surgery is needed in later stages. Access to clean water and adequate sanitation are keys to prevention.
visceroreceptors
also called visceroceptors
A group of receptors that includes those located in visceral organs. Their stimulation gives rise to poorly localized and ill-defined sensations or to pain. In hollow visceral organs, they are stimulated principally by excessive contraction or by distention.
interoception
our perception of what is going on inside our bodies; it is responsible for feelings of hunger, thirst, sickness, pain, having to go to the bathroom, tiredness, temperature, itch, and other internal sensations
exteroceptors
receptors that respond to stimuli from outside the body - vision, sound, touch, smell, temperature, pain etc.
nociception
The perception of a painful or injurious stimulus—called also nociperception.
A sensory receptor involved in nociception is called a nociceptor.
osmoreceptors
Specialized receptors concentrated in the hypothalamus that recognize changes in the osmotic pressure of body fluids.
A Snellen chart is an eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity. Snellen charts are named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen, who developed the chart in 1862. Many ophthalmologists and vision scientists now use an improved chart known as the LogMAR chart.
A logMAR chart (Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution) is a chart consisting of rows of letters that is used by ophthalmologists, orthoptists, optometrists, and vision scientists to estimate visual acuity. The chart was developed at the National Vision Research Institute of Australia in 1976, and is designed to enable a more accurate estimate of acuity than do other charts (e.g., the Snellen chart).
logarithm
the exponent that indicates the power to which a base number is raised to produce a given number
(example: the logarithm of 100 to the base 10 is 2)
In mathematics, the common logarithm is the logarithm with base 10, although it can be any base.
base (number in mathematics)
a number (such as 5 in 5^6.44 or 5^7) that is raised to a power
especially: the number that when raised to a power equal to the logarithm of a number yields the number itself
The logarithm of 100 to the base 10 is 2 since 10^2 = 100.
tonometer, tonometry
tonometer
- an instrument or device for determining the exact pitch or the vibration rate of tones
- an instrument for measuring tension or pressure and especially intraocular pressure
tonometry is the test that uses the device itself
