Chapter 19 - Reproductive System Disorders Flashcards
(35 cards)
dyspareunia
difficult or painful sexual intercourse
hirsutism
Hirsutism is a condition in women that results in excessive growth of dark or coarse hair in a male-like pattern — face, chest and back.
With hirsutism, extra hair growth often arises from excess male hormones (androgens), primarily testosterone.
astute
having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one’s advantage
epispadias
A rare birth defect located at the opening of the urethra. In this condition, the urethra does not develop into a full tube, and the urine exits the body from an abnormal location.
It is possible for the urethra to be open along the entire length of the penis. In girls, the opening is usually between the clitoris and the labia but may be in the belly area.
hypospadias
A birth defect (congenital condition) in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip.
bladder exstrophy
Bladder exstrophy is a congenital abnormality that occurs when the skin over the lower abdominal wall (bottom part of the tummy) does not form properly. The bladder is open and exposed on the outside of the abdomen.
Exstrophy means ‘turned inside out’.
hydrocele
A type of swelling in the scrotum that occurs when fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle.
Hydrocele is common in newborns and usually disappears without treatment by age 1. Older boys and adult men can develop a hydrocele due to inflammation or injury within the scrotum
cancer (and where some of them begin)
Also called: malignant tumor, malignant neoplasm, malignancy
A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems.
There are several main types of cancer.
Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.
Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.
Leukemia is a cancer that begins in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, and causes too many abnormal blood cells to be made.
Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.
Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.
adenocarcinoma
Cancer that forms in the glandular tissue that lines certain internal organs and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucus, digestive juices, or other fluids. Most cancers of the breast, pancreas, lung, prostate, colon, esophagus, and stomach are adenocarcinomas.
vert (root word)
The Latin root word vert means ‘turn.”
anteversion vs anteflexion
general definitions and uterus-specific definition
GENERAL DEFINITIONS
- anteversion: to displace (a body organ) so that the whole axis is directed farther forward than normal
- anteflexion: a displacement forward of an organ (as the uterus) so that its axis is bent upon itself
UTERUS-SPECIFIC DEFINITIONS
An anteverted uterus is situated at a 90 degree angle to the vaginal canal. The uterus is entirely straight and the fundus is pointed towards the abdomen.
An anteflexed uterus seems to have its cervix at a 90 degree angle, but there is a bend at the body of the uterus. According to the image, its a 125 degree angle. The fundus is still pointed towards the abdomen.
The terms anteverted and anteflexed are used because the fundus is pointing towards the front of the body (abdomen).
retroversion vs retroflexion
general definitions and uterus-specific definition
GENERAL DEFINITIONS
retroversion (def. 1): the bending backward of the uterus and cervix
retroversion (def. 2): the act or process of turning back or regressing
retroflexion (def 1): the state of being bent back
retroflexion (def 2): the bending back of an organ (such as a uterus) upon itself
retroflexion (def 3): the act or process of bending back
UTERUS-SPECIFIC DEFINITIONS
A retroverted uterus appears to form an almost straight line from the fundus to the exit of the vagina. It points towards the person’s back.
A retroflexed uterus appears to bend at an almost 90 degree angle at the body, and its fundus is pointed towards the back as well.
The terms retroverted and retroflexed are used because the fundus is pointing towards the back of the body (back).
axis
- the imaginary straight line that something (such as the Earth) turns around
- a straight line that divides a shape evenly into two parts
- a main line of direction, motion, growth, or extension (e.g. axis of a city)
- partnership or alliance (Axis countries)
- a point or continuum on which something centers (axis of social power)
What are the three parts of the uterus?
Cervix at the opening, body in the middle, fundus in the back.
menorrhagia
Menstrual bleeding that lasts more than 7 days. It can also be bleeding that is very heavy.
How do you know if you have heavy bleeding? If you need to change your tampon or pad after less than 2 hours or you pass clots the size of a quarter or larger, that is heavy bleeding.
metrorrhagia
abnormal bleeding between regular menstrual periods
polymenorrhea
Polymenorrhea describes when a person’s menstrual periods are normal in terms of volume of blood flow, but occur at intervals of less than 21 days. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a typical menstrual cycle lasts between 21–35 days.
oligomenorrhea
It is menstrual periods occurring at intervals of greater than 35 days, with only four to nine periods in a year.
amenorrhea
The absence of monthly menstrual periods.
endometriosis
An often painful disorder in which tissue similar to the tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus — the endometrium — grows outside the uterus. Endometriosis most commonly involves the ovaries, fallopian tubes and the tissue lining the pelvis.
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
also called pelvic infection
It is an infection of the female reproductive organs.
It usually occurs when sexually transmitted bacteria spread from the vagina to the womb (uterus), fallopian tubes, or ovaries.
Common symptoms include pelvic pain and fever. There may be vaginal discharge.
womb
The womb is where a fetus (unborn baby) develops and grows. Also called uterus.
uterine fibroids
Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths of the uterus that often appear during childbearing years. Also called leiomyomas (lie-o-my-O-muhs) or myomas, uterine fibroids aren’t associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer and almost never develop into cancer.
There are three major types of uterine fibroids.
- Intramural fibroids grow within the muscular uterine wall.
- Submucosal fibroids bulge into the uterine cavity.
- Subserosal fibroids project to the outside of the uterus.
Some submucosal or subserosal fibroids may be pedunculated — hanging from a stalk inside or outside the uterus.
mural
- a painting or other work of art executed directly on a wall
- of, like, or relating to a wall